Repeated exposure to immobilization or two different footshock intensities reveals differential adaptation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis

Rabasa, Cristina; Muñoz-Abellán, Cristina; Daviu, Núria; Nadal, Roser; Armario, Antonio

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.022

Cited by 67 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In contrast to our CORT findings, however, a number of previous studies have demonstrated that stress increases CORT levels (Blanchard, Sakai, McEwen, Weiss, & Blanchard, 1993;Blanchard et al, 1995;Lucas et al, 2004;Lucas et al, 2011;Lucas et al, 2007;Rabasa et al, 2011;Tamashiro et al, 2004). One possible reason explaining our CORT findings may be that nonimmobilized rats became as stressed as immobilized rats because they were housed individually through immobilization sessions and behavioral assessments.…”

Section: Hormonal Outcomescontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, we did not find a decrease in weight gain even after chronic immobilization or even when a recovery period was taken into account. This result was inconsistent with those of previous studies using the restraint or immobilization paradigm (Benchimol de Souza et al, 2011;McLaughlin, Gomez, Baran, & Conrad, 2007;Rabasa, Munoz-Abellan, Daviu, Nadal, & Armario, 2011;Radley et al, 2008). This Fig.…”

Section: Immobilization and Body Weightcontrasting

confidence: 98%

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Aggression is suppressed by acute stress but induced by chronic stress: Immobilization effects on aggression, hormones, and cortical 5-HT1B/ striatal dopamine D2 receptor density

Yohe

Suzuki²,

Lucas

2012

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Although it has been established by a number of investigators that a variety of stressors are associated with the induction of aggressive behavior, two specific issues remain unanswered. First, it is unclear whether the contexts surrounding stressors (e.g., stressor length and chance of winning over opponents) change outcomes regarding aggressive behavior. Second, if a relationship exists between stress and aggressive behavior, altered levels of stressrelated hormone (e.g., corticosterone [CORT]), as well as aggression-related biomarkers (e.g., testosterone [T], density of prefronto-cortical 5-HT 1B receptor and striatal dopamine D 2 receptor [D2r]) may contribute to changes in aggressive behavior. Thus, we examined how immobilization (with a 1-, 5-, or 10-day exposure) would impact (1) a longitudinal course of aggression toward different-sized opponents, (2) levels of CORT and T, and (3) densities of 5-HT 1B receptor (5-HT1Br) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and D2r in the striatum. It was found that, regardless of small or large opponents, a single 2-h exposure to immobilization reduced aggressive behavior (stress-suppressed aggression) over time, whereas repeated (10-day) exposure to immobilization escalated aggressive behavior (stress-induced aggression). These stress effects persisted up to 1 week of recovery from immobilization stress. Moreover, immobilized rats demonstrated elevated levels of T, but not CORT, as compared with controls. Finally, acute immobilization altered D2r densities in the shell of the nucleus accumbens, and chronic immobilization changed 5-HT1Br in the PFC, including the downregulation of 5-HT1Br densities in the right prelimbic and orbitolateral cortices. The potential relationships among stress, aggression, and 5-HT1Br/D2r roles are discussed.

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Section: Hormonal Outcomescontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Immobilization and Body Weightcontrasting

confidence: 98%

Aggression is suppressed by acute stress but induced by chronic stress: Immobilization effects on aggression, hormones, and cortical 5-HT1B/ striatal dopamine D2 receptor density

Yohe

Suzuki²,

Lucas

2012

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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“…These stressors are routinely used in the field (i.e. Rabasa et al 2011Rabasa et al , 2013Wright et al 2013). Animals were weighed immediately before the first session and 24 h after the last session to evaluate the overall impact of the procedure.…”

Section: Juvenile Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of juvenile stress combined with adult immobilization in male rats

Fuentes

Carrasco

Armario

et al. 2014

Hormones and Behavior

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Exposure to stress during childhood and adolescence increases vulnerability to developing several psychopathologies in adulthood and alters the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, the prototypical stress system. Rodent models of juvenile stress appear to support this hypothesis because juvenile stress can result in reduced activity/exploration and enhanced anxiety, although results are not always consistent. Moreover, an in-depth characterization of changes in the HPA axis is lacking. In the present study, the long-lasting effects of juvenile stress on adult behavior and HPA function were evaluated in male rats. The juvenile stress consisted of a combination of stressors (cat odor, forced swim and footshock) during postnatal days 23-28. Juvenile stress reduced the maximum amplitude of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels (reduced peak at lights off), without affecting the circadian corticosterone rhythm, but other aspects of the HPA function (negative glucocorticoid feedback, responsiveness to further stressors and brain gene expression of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and corticosteroid receptors) remained unaltered. The behavioral effects of juvenile stress itself at adulthood were modest (decreased activity in the circular corridor) with no evidence of enhanced anxiety. Imposition of an acute severe stressor (immobilization on boards, IMO) did not increase anxiety in control animals, as evaluated one week later in the elevated-plus maze (EPM), but it potentiated the acoustic startle response (ASR). However, acute IMO did enhance anxiety in the EPM, in juvenile stressed rats, thereby suggesting that juvenile stress sensitizes rats to the effects of additional stressors.

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“…The apparent lack of effects on corticosterone level of training in the ETMT treatment (a low stress stimulus) can be explained by the relatively low severity of the stressor, while restraint and electric shock are considered strong stressful stimuli (Kant, Mougey, Pennington & Meyerhoff, 1983;Rabasa, Muñoz-Abellán, Daviu, Nadal & Armario, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute effects of restraint, shock and training in the elevated T-Maze on noradrenaline and serotonin systems of the prefrontal cortex.

García-Saldívar

González-López

Monroy

et al. 2014

Acta. Colomb. Psicol.

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The prefrontal cortex (PFC) participates in cognitive functions and stress regulation. Noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels in some regions of the central nervous system are modified by acute stress. The effects depend on the type of stressor and the time elapsed between the presence of the stressor and the assessment. The aims of the present study were to assess the acute effect of different stressors on NA and 5-HT activities in the PFC and its relation with corticosterone levels. Independent groups of male Wistar rats (250-280 g) were submitted to restraint, footshock or training in the elevated T-maze (ETMT). The animals were sacrificed immediately (T0) or one hour (T1) after stress exposure. An untreated group sacrificed concurrently with treated animals was included as control. Samples of the PFC were dissected and the concentration of NA, 5-HT and their metabolites were measured by HPLC. Corticosterone levels were measured in serum. None of the treatments modified NA levels in the PFC. Animals exposed to footshock or ETMT showed significantly higher concentrations of 5-HT at T0. Restraint and footshock treatments were associated with higher corticosterone levels at T0 and T1 after the respective treatment. Taken together the results show that in the PFC, the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, and the corticosterone levels respond in different ways to different stressors. Key words: Stressors, noradrenaline, serotonin, prefrontal cortex, corticosterona. EFECTOS AGUDOS DE LA RESTRICCIÓN, CHOQUE Y ENTRENAMIENTO EN EL LABERINTO ELEVADO EN T EN LOS SISTEMAS DE NORADRENALINA Y SEROTONINA EN LA CORTEZA PREFRONTAL ResumenLa corteza prefrontal (CPF) participa en las funciones cognitivas y la regulación del estrés. Las concentraciones de noradrenalina (NA) y serotonina (5-HT) en algunas regiones en el sistema nervioso central son modificadas por el estrés agudo. El efecto depende del estresor y del tiempo que transcurra entre el estresor y la evaluación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto agudo de diferentes estresores en la actividad de la NA y 5-HT en la CPF y su relación con los niveles de corticosterona. Grupos independientes de ratas (250-270 g) fueron sometidos a restricción, choque o entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T (ELET). Los animales fueron sacrificados inmediatamente (T0) o una hora (T1) después de la exposición al estrés. Un grupo no tratado, sacrificado al mismo tiempo que los animales tratados, se incluyó como control. Las muestras de la CPF fueron disecadas y la concentración de NA, 5-HT y sus metabolitos fue detectada por la técnica de HPLC. Las concentraciones de corticosterona fueron medidas en el suero. Ninguno de los tratamientos modificó las concentraciones de NA en la CPF. Al T0 los animales expuestos a choque o al ELET mostraron concentraciones de 5-HT significativamente mayores que el control. Los tratamientos de restricción y choque estuvieron asociados con altas concentraciones de corticosterona al T0 y a T1 después del tratamiento respe...

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Repeated exposure to immobilization or two different footshock intensities reveals differential adaptation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis

Cited by 67 publications

References 58 publications

Aggression is suppressed by acute stress but induced by chronic stress: Immobilization effects on aggression, hormones, and cortical 5-HT1B/ striatal dopamine D2 receptor density

Aggression is suppressed by acute stress but induced by chronic stress: Immobilization effects on aggression, hormones, and cortical 5-HT1B/ striatal dopamine D2 receptor density

Behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of juvenile stress combined with adult immobilization in male rats

Acute effects of restraint, shock and training in the elevated T-Maze on noradrenaline and serotonin systems of the prefrontal cortex.

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