“…Some 922 of the above-mentioned studies demonstrated that particular molecules are critical for the electrophysiological changes to occur, such as calcineurin and Ca 2ϩ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (Aleisa et al, 2006a,b,c), NR2B subunits, inhibitor of nuclear factor-B (Christoffel et al, 2011), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Zhou et al, 2000;Radecki et al, 2005;Aleisa et al, 2006c). Compounds that prevented or normalized the development of changes in neural activity include nicotine (Aleisa et al, 2006a,b,c), antidepressants (Von Frijtag et al, 2001;Kole et al, 2002Kole et al, , 2004Kessal et al, 2006;Holderbach et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2010;Holm et al, 2011), ketamine (Li et al, 2011), memantine (Quan et al, 2011), antiglucocorticoids Karst and Joëls, 2007;Spyrka and Hess, 2010), and phenytoin (Zheng et al, 2004), whereas -amyloid exacerbated the effects of chronic stress (Srivareerat et al, 2009;Tran et al, 2011). However, it is unclear whether these compounds 1) directly interfere with chronic-stress-dependent signaling pathways, 2) tap indirectly into the same pathways, or 3) compensate for/ counteract the effects of chronic stress through independent mechanisms.…”