Repetition of misoriented words reduces lexical-decision response times at repeated and novel orientations.

Jordan, Kevin; Huntsman, Laree A.

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.21.5.963

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…These word-length effects, which are apparent under conditions of misorientation but not observed under normal viewing conditions (i.e., upright), suggest that in attempts to recover spatial order information, misorientation induces a shift from parallel processing ofletters to serial, letter-by-Ietter processing (see Howard, 1991;Jordan & Huntsman, 1995;Koriat & Norman, 1985). The retarded response latencies caused by misorientation, which increase as a function of word length, suggest the use ofa disconnectionist, slower, sequential letter-by-Ietter identification procedure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since DOG-and GOD-type primes did not differ significantly, they were combined to simplify further analyses effects have been found to be more detrimental for longer words than for shorter words (Jordan & Huntsman, 1995;Koriat & Norman, 1985, 1989. These word-length effects, which are apparent under conditions of misorientation but not observed under normal viewing conditions (i.e., upright), suggest that in attempts to recover spatial order information, misorientation induces a shift from parallel processing ofletters to serial, letter-by-Ietter processing (see Howard, 1991;Jordan & Huntsman, 1995;Koriat & Norman, 1985).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research (Howard, 1991;Jordan & Huntsman, 1995;Koriat & Norman, 1985, 1989 has suggested that misorientation induces letter-by-Ietter processing. The repetition priming effect observed for identical words and nonwords but not reversed words and nonwords suggests that this induced letter-by-Ietter processing is position sensitive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stimulus degradation results in processing costs such as increased response latencies and higher error rates in reaction time tasks (see Jordan & Huntsman, 1995;Sternberg, 1969;Van Orden, 1987). In addition, across a wide variety of tasks, stimulus degradation has been found to enhance repetition priming effects (Becker & Killion, 1977;Kirsner & Dunn, 1985;Kirsner et aI., 1987;Massaro, Jones, Lipscomb, & Scholz, 1978;Meyer, Schvaneveldt, & Ruddy, 1975;Scarborough et aI., 1977).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Testing the direct-access model: GOD does not prime DOG

Huntsman

1998

Perception & Psychophysics

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In three repetition priming experiments that employed identical (e.g., DOG-DOG) and reversed repetitions (e.g., GOD-DOG), it was found that relative to controls (e.g., DOG-DOG), GOD-type words did not prime DOG-type words. Also, neither DUT-type nor TUD-type nonwords primed DDT-type nonwords. In Experiments 1 and 2, these results occurred using both long-and short-term repetition priming conditions, respectively. In Experiment 3, the word results held under conditions of short-term priming coupled with stimulus misorientation. However, the nonword results resembled the word results (i.e., identical but not reversed repetitions primed nonwords). The failure to provide explicit evidence for direct visual access (e.g., GOD does not prime DOG while DOG does) irrespective of other sources of lexical activation supports theories of word recognition that postulate multiple and varied lexical representations that are activated through a matrix of connections.Most theories of word recognition agree that the process of reading includes both orthographic (i.e., how words look) and phonological (i.e., how words sound when spoken aloud) sources of lexical activation. However, there is disagreement among these theories with respect to the relative importance, the degree of independence, and the time course of orthographic and phonological sources of lexical activation.According to direct-access theories of word recognition, the orthographic representation of a printed word activates its lexical entry directly with minimal, if any, use of phonology (see, e.g., Aaronson & Ferres, 1983;Baron, 1973;Becker, 1976Becker, , 1980Bower, 1970;Forster & Chambers, 1973;Frederiksen & Kroll, 1976;Goodman, 1969;Green & Shallice, 1976;Huey, 1908;Kolers, 1970;Martin & Jensen, 1988;Smith, 1971). Conversely, phonological activation theories of word recognition contend that printed words are pre lexically recoded into a phonological representation. Because recoding occurs via the application ofspelling-sound conversions oforthographic elements within the words, phonological representations play an early role in activating lexical entries prior to recognition (see, e.g., Bloomfield, 1942;Corcoran, 1966; GibPreparation of this report was supported in part by a San Jose State University Psychology Department Research Grant. Additional support was provided by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Cooperative Agreement NCC 2-327 and NCC 2-798 to Kevin Jordan. I thank Sepideh Dadras and Joseph Tajnai for their assistance with stimulus development, Meredith Brown, Rigoberto Gutierres, Melanie Hein, Todd Moore, Jennifer Skinner, Kenneth Smith, and Juanita Traver for their tireless assistance with data collection, and especially Guy Woffindin for his invaluable programming assistance. I also thank Joanne Miller, Guy Van Orden, and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this report. Correspondence should be addressed to L. A. Huntsman, Department of Psychology, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192-0120 (e-m...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Testing the direct-access model: GOD does not prime DOG

Huntsman

1998

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…However, several arguments suggest that this possibility is not quite viable. First, the identification of single letters or letterlike stimuli might be affected little by planar orientation (Corballis & Nagourney, 1978;Corballis, Zbrodoff, Shetzer & Butler, 1978;Eley, 1982;Koriat & Norman, 1989;White, 1980; but see Jolicoeur & Landau, 1984;Jordan & Huntsman, 1995;McMullen & Jolicoeur, 1990). Were that indeed the case, it would be wasteful if the product of single letter identification was not used in the process of reading inverted texts.…”

Section: What the Process Might Bementioning

confidence: 99%

On the process of recognizing inverted words: Does it rely only on orientation-invariant cues?

Navon

Raveh

2004

Memory & Cognition

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Integrating neuronal coding into cognitive models: Predicting reaction time distributions

Oram

2005

Network: Computation in Neural Systems

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Neurophysiological studies have examined many aspects of neuronal activity in terms of neuronal codes and postulated roles for these codes in brain processing. There has been relatively little work, however, examining the relationship between different neuronal codes and the behavioural phenomena associated with cognitive processes. Here, predictions about reaction time distributions derived from an accumulator model incorporating known neurophysiological data in temporal lobe visual areas of the macaque are examined. Results from human experimental studies examining the effects of changing stimulus orientation, size and contrast are consistent with the model, including qualitatively different changes in reaction time distributions with different stimulus manipulations. The different changes in reaction time distributions depend on whether the image manipulation changes neuronal response latency or magnitude and can be related to parallel or serial cognitive processes respectively. The results indicate that neuronal coding can be productively incorporated into computational models to provide mechanistic accounts of behavioural results related to cognitive phenomena.

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Repetition of misoriented words reduces lexical-decision response times at repeated and novel orientations.

Abstract: for their insightful, helpful comments on previous versions of this article. We thank Kimberly Jobe, Beverly Sanford, Kelly Smith, and Scott Yettman for their assistance with data collection.

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Testing the direct-access model: GOD does not prime DOG

Testing the direct-access model: GOD does not prime DOG

On the process of recognizing inverted words: Does it rely only on orientation-invariant cues?

Integrating neuronal coding into cognitive models: Predicting reaction time distributions

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