Abstract:3D printing technology has emerged as a high value-added industry with high efficiency that has dramatically broken away from the existing material and manufacturing industry’s human-based production system. These technologies, ranging from small parts to large structures, are rapidly developing due to the challenge of various filament materials, whereas there are significant concerns about waste filler materials, and complimentary research is needed to improve them. Polylactic acid (PLA), the representative p… Show more
“…The mechanical test revealed that, with R-PLA filament, there was a decrease in tensile strength and hardness by 10.9% and 2.4%, respectively, whereas shear strength improved by 6.8%. In a similar study, Hong et al [ 34 ] reported that with 3D printed R-PLA specimens, tensile and flexural strength reduced by 69% and 53%, respectively, when compared to V-PLA parts. Multiple recycling of PLA causes a decrement in short beam strength.…”
Section: Reuse Of Waste Plastic In Fdmmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…4 Schematic diagram of the FDM process [ 25 ] Fig. 5 Recommended FDM nozzle temperature for common thermoplastic materials [ 21 , 29 , 31 – 34 ] …”
Section: Fabrication Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The possible reason for the formation of cold crystallization temperature is the polymer chain getting sufficient mobility to arrange itself into an ordered structure (i.e., crystalline structure) by chain folding. The thermally modified R-PLA specimens possess a high risk of crack formation and premature failure [ 34 ]. R-PLA crystallizes more easily than that recycled from single-grade PLA.…”
Hailed since the fourth industrial revolution, three-dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing (AM) has been extensively implemented in various manufacturing sectors. This process is popular for generating regular products and incorporating innovative designs into the components like auxetic structures, such as fabrication of engineering products, customized implants and sophisticated biomedical devices. Over the years, one of the interesting outputs of this emerging technology is the reuse of waste thermoplastic materials to produce competent products through the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The strength of FDM components produced from thermoplastic waste is lower than that of virgin plastic FDM counterparts. So, there is a need to understand the significant changes in the recycled thermoplastic material during subsequent extrusions, which are chain scission, change in viscosity and breaking strength. The use of additives has been a promising solution to improve the performance of recycled material for 3D printing applications. Hence, this study aims to provide an overview of reusing plastic waste through FDM-based 3D printing. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the effect of processing on thermo-mechanical properties of recycled plastic FDM parts and the use of various additives to improve the overall quality. In addition, two case studies from open literature have been demonstrated to explain the use of FDM and associated technology for plastic recycling.
“…The mechanical test revealed that, with R-PLA filament, there was a decrease in tensile strength and hardness by 10.9% and 2.4%, respectively, whereas shear strength improved by 6.8%. In a similar study, Hong et al [ 34 ] reported that with 3D printed R-PLA specimens, tensile and flexural strength reduced by 69% and 53%, respectively, when compared to V-PLA parts. Multiple recycling of PLA causes a decrement in short beam strength.…”
Section: Reuse Of Waste Plastic In Fdmmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…4 Schematic diagram of the FDM process [ 25 ] Fig. 5 Recommended FDM nozzle temperature for common thermoplastic materials [ 21 , 29 , 31 – 34 ] …”
Section: Fabrication Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The possible reason for the formation of cold crystallization temperature is the polymer chain getting sufficient mobility to arrange itself into an ordered structure (i.e., crystalline structure) by chain folding. The thermally modified R-PLA specimens possess a high risk of crack formation and premature failure [ 34 ]. R-PLA crystallizes more easily than that recycled from single-grade PLA.…”
Hailed since the fourth industrial revolution, three-dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing (AM) has been extensively implemented in various manufacturing sectors. This process is popular for generating regular products and incorporating innovative designs into the components like auxetic structures, such as fabrication of engineering products, customized implants and sophisticated biomedical devices. Over the years, one of the interesting outputs of this emerging technology is the reuse of waste thermoplastic materials to produce competent products through the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The strength of FDM components produced from thermoplastic waste is lower than that of virgin plastic FDM counterparts. So, there is a need to understand the significant changes in the recycled thermoplastic material during subsequent extrusions, which are chain scission, change in viscosity and breaking strength. The use of additives has been a promising solution to improve the performance of recycled material for 3D printing applications. Hence, this study aims to provide an overview of reusing plastic waste through FDM-based 3D printing. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the effect of processing on thermo-mechanical properties of recycled plastic FDM parts and the use of various additives to improve the overall quality. In addition, two case studies from open literature have been demonstrated to explain the use of FDM and associated technology for plastic recycling.
“…After the print job is finished, support material can be mechanically removed or dissolved with appropriate solvent, but in most cases it is mechanically removed. As such, support material if not used in any other function after removal is waste material, but due to the nature of thermoplastics primarily used in AM, it can be recycled and reused in production of new products [3,4].…”
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is currently one of the most popular additive manufacturing processes due to its simplicity and low running and material costs. Support structures, which are necessary for overhanging surfaces during production, in most cases need to be manually removed and as such, they become waste material. In this paper, experimental approach is utilised in order to assess suitability of recycling support structures into recycled filament for FFF process. Mechanical properties of standardized specimens made from recycled polylactic acid (PLA) filament as well as influence of layer height and infill density on those properties were investigated. Optimal printing parameters for recycled PLA filaments are determined with Design of Experiment methods (DOE).
“…However, there is a need to investigate the effect of reprocessing on the mechanical properties of PLA, so the content of recycled material in the composition with neat PLA can be controlled in order to obtain acceptable properties and a quality product (Babagowda et al 2018). Hong et al (2020) investigated the effect of mechanical recycling on PLA filament for 3D printing, aiming to evaluate mechanical and thermal properties. The glass transition temperature (Tg), the cold crystallization temperature and the degree of crystallinity of the reprocessed PLA is less than what is found in virgin PLA, contributing to a decrease in tensile Research, Society and Development, v. 9, n. 12, e13291210767, 2020 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.10767 5 and flexural strengths.…”
Additive manufacturing is growing rapidly in the automotive, medical, and aerospace industries as an option for the manufacturing of products. However, there is a continuous growth in the amount of waste generated by 3D filaments, thus, the reuse practice becomes important, since it brings environmental and economic gains. The present research evaluated the mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical and rheological properties of PLA/PLAr blends containing post-consumption 3D filament. The blends were prepared in a co-rotational twin screw extruder and, subsequently, the extruded granules were injection molded. As the PLAr content in the blends (PLA/PLAr) increased, there was a reduction in viscosity, indicating an improvement in manufacturability. The PLA/PLAr blend (75/25 % wt.) increased the degree of crystallinity compared to neat PLA, indicating that PLAr acted as a nucleating agent. As a consequence, the PLA/PLAr blend (75/25 % wt.) showed performance comparable to neat PLA in thermal stability, elastic modulus, tensile strength, Shore D hardness, impact strength, heat deflection temperature (HDT) and Vicat softening temperature. The reuse of post-consumption 3D filament PLA is feasible for the development of materials with good properties. In addition, value is added to the post-consumption material and there is a contribution to sustainable development.
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