“…The skin, the omentum, the stomach, the pericardium, representing native substitutes (Draper & Stark 1956, Goldstein et al 1967, Andretto et al 1981, Nguyen & Mitchell 1991, but also silicone, polyvinyl and Teflon, for the alloplastic materials (Kudish 1957, Bogash et al 1960, Kelami et al 1970), but they quickly encountered significant complications. The absence of biocompatibility, vascularization and the immunogenicity of some of these substitutes, as well as the direct contact with the toxic urine, lead mainly to the formation of fibrosis and contraction of the graft (Burbige & Hensle 1986, Vemulakonda et al 2008.…”