Replacement stones for Lede stone in Belgian historical monuments

Kock, Tim De; Dewanckele, Jan; Boone, Matthieu; Schutter, Geert De; Jacobs, Patric; Cnudde, Veerle

doi:10.1144/sp391.9

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Whereas these are the most typical phenomena of weathering and ageing, other decay forms can occur but are related to local conditions. Some examples can be found in De Kock et al [14]. Weathered specimens were collected at the Sint-Salvator church in Wieze (Belgium) from the well-ventilated top of the tower where they were protected from direct rain impact.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paper therefore presents a microspatial structural and chemical characterization of a laminar black gypsum crust on a sandy limestone, followed by further laboratory weathering by a standard acid test. The material under investigation is Lede stone, on which black crusts were previously described [14,31]. It was stated that glauconite could play a triggering role in the sulphation process [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laminar gypsum crust on lede stone: Microspatial characterization and laboratory acid weathering

Kock

Stappen

Fronteau

et al. 2017

Talanta

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Gypsum crusts are typical decay forms on limestone in polluted urban environments. Their origin and relation to the stone facies have been thoroughly investigated in the past three decades. Here, we present the combined use of novel techniques for a microspatial structural, chemical and mechanical characterization of a laminar black gypsum crust on a sandy limestone. These techniques include i.a. X-ray computed microtomography, X-ray Fluorescence micromapping, permeability mapping and the scratch test. They reveal the typical architecture of a laminar gypsum crust, with an outer opaque layer, a subsurface gypsum crystallization layer and a deeper cracked zone passing irregularly into the sound stone. Gypsum crystallization is mostly restricted to an irregular outer zone with an average thickness of 500µm, while cracks are found deeper within the rock. These cracks decrease the rock strength to more than 27.5mm below the surface. Because of their surface parallel orientation and thickness of >10-100µm, they create the potential for surface scaling. This is shown by a laboratory acid test where the crack network extensively developed due to further exposure to an SO environment. The use of novel techniques opens potential for the study of different decay forms and can be used for stone diagnosis with regards to conservation studies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laminar gypsum crust on lede stone: Microspatial characterization and laboratory acid weathering

Kock

Stappen

Fronteau

et al. 2017

Talanta

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“…All the additional data come from published research studies in which the materials and test methods are clearly described [7,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. All the sources use the Archimedes method of EN 1936, except [17] in which helium pycnometry is used.…”

Section: Calcitic Limestonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here the spread about the ideal calcite line is large, with an interquartile range of 218 kg/m 3 . There are a number of extreme outliers, and for many of the stones the [7]; white circle 20 specimens of Portland limestone [15]; white up-pointing triangle 11 specimens of Monte Acuto limestone [17]; diamond Savonnières limestone [18]; white down-pointing triangle Savonnières limestone [14]; white square Maastricht limestone [16]; filled circle four French limestones (Euville, Savonnières, Massangis, Coulmier-le-Sec) [19]; filled square two Spanish limestones (Fraga Campanil, Santa Pudia) [20]. The solid line is the ideal calcite relation, Eq.…”

Section: Calcitic Limestonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porosities of building limestones: using the solid density to assess data quality

Hamilton

2016

Mater Struct

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A good knowledge of the volume-fraction porosity is essential in any technical work on porous materials. In construction materials the porosity is commonly measured by the Archimedes buoyancy method, from which the bulk density of the test specimen is also obtained. The porosity and the bulk density together fix the solid density of the specimen, as only two of the three quantities are independent. The solid density, although rarely discussed, is determined by the mineralogy of the specimen, and therefore can provide a valuable check on the accuracy of porosity and bulk density measurements. Our analysis of published data on calcitic limestones shows that the solid density is generally close to the ideal crystallographic density of calcite. Small deviations can often be traced to variations in mineral composition. However some published porosity-density data are inconsistent with the known mineralogy. Deviations which cannot be ascribed to composition may be assumed to arise from measurement errors. We show the value of using the solid density as a quality check on the measured porosity. We recommend that the solid density should always be calculated for this purpose when the Archimedes method is used. This check can be useful also when porosities are measured by helium pycnometry or by mercury intrusion porosimetry.

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“…De Kock et al (2013) highlight once again, this time in France, the perennial problem of finding the 'right' stone to repair/replace historical buildings and monuments. Whilst the public and, often, conservation authorities require a good aesthetic match, the engineering requirements for a good match are far more complex and extensive.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%