Otolith morphometrics have been shown to provide a practical basis for stock discrimination and subsequent fisheries management. However, the determinants of otolith shape are not fully understood and analysis does not distinguish between genotype and environmentally induced differences. In this context, understanding how those 2 components act synergetically on the otolith shape is fundamental. The use of non-indigenous fish of multiple origins provides an interesting tool for evaluating the relative importance of genetic and environmental components in determining otolith shape. This paper investigates to what extent a dual regulation (i.e. genetic and environmental) of the otolith shape from an introduced coral reef snapper (Lutjanus kasmira) exists, in order to determine how each component specifically acts on otolith morphology. Using geometric morphometrics, we discriminated between native and introduced range as well as between individuals belonging to different lineages (i.e. origins) but growing under the same environmental conditions (individuals cohabiting within the same shoals in the wild). Here we show that both genetic and environmental influences play a substantial role in determining the shape of the otolith. More specifically, while environment induces an overall change in otolith shape, genetically induced changes locally affect otolith shape. In addition, data suggest that both nuclear and mitochondrial components act synergetically. This information is fundamental if otolith shape is to be used as an effective tool for management of fisheries resources in the future.
KEY WORDS: Fisheries management · Stocks · Geometric morphometrics · Lutjinidae · French Polynesia · Hawaiian archipelago · Evolutionary
Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 411: [231][232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239][240][241] 2010 (Cadrin 2000, Begg et al. 2005, Campana 2005 because it provides a practical basis for stock separation that is useful in fisheries management (Begg & Waldman 1999).It is currently recognised that otolith growth and shape occurs under dual regulation: overall shape is regulated genetically, but there is a strong variability related to environmental factors. A number of authors have suggested that otolith shape is genetically constrained, species specific and reflects phylogenetic relationships (Lombarte & Castellón 1991, Lombarte & Lleonart 1993, Reichenbacher et al. 2009). However, otoliths present variation among conspecific individuals, being mainly influenced by sex, age, year class and stock (Castonguay et al. 1991, Begg & Brown 2000, Monteiro et al. 2005 as well as by local environmental conditions or factors such as depth, water temperature and substrate type (Lombarte & Lleonart 1993, Gagliano & McCormick 2004, Mérigot et al. 2007, Hüssy 2008. Although several studies have indicated that otolith shape differences between stocks are likely to be caused by both environmental and genetic influences, it is unclear to ...