Reply to comment from Blanco et al. (2015) on “Evidence from acoustic imaging for submarine volcanic activity in 2012 off the west coast of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain) by Pérez et al. [Bull. Volcanol. (2014), 76:882–896]

Pérez, Nemesio M.; Somoza, Luı́s; Hernández, Pedro A.; Vallejo, Luis González de; León, Ricardo; Sagiya, Takeshi; Biain, Ander; González, Francisco Javier; Medialdea, Teresa; Barrancos, José; Ibáñez, Jesús M.; Sumino, Hirochika; Nogami, Keiji; Romero, Carlos Dı́az

doi:10.1007/s00445-015-0948-5

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…At El Hierro there was clear evidence of an eruption between October 2011 and January 2012, and another potential eruptive episode in June 2012 (discussed by Pérez et al [], Blanco et al [], and Pérez et al []). It is well known that preeruptive magma migration produces high b values [e.g., Riedel et al , ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As suggested by Bachmann et al [2012] the differential stresses across faults away from the magma injection region follow a typical tectonic earthquake-size distribution, and thus, the b value lowers to values of about 1. Following Bachmann et al [2012], we assume that differential stress is one of the governing parameters that influence the spatial and temporal and Pérez et al [2015]). It is well known that preeruptive magma migration produces high b values [e.g., Riedel et al, 2003].…”

Section: 1002/2015jb012249mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seismic hydraulic fracture migration originated by successive deep magma pulses: The 2011–2013 seismic series associated to the volcanic activity of El Hierro Island

et al. 2015

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In this manuscript we present a new interpretation of the seismic series that accompanied eruptive activity off the coast of El Hierro, Canary Islands, during 2011–2013. We estimated temporal variations of the Gutenberg‐Richter b value throughout the period of analysis, and performed high‐precision relocations of the preeruptive and syneruptive seismicity using a realistic 3‐D velocity model. Our results suggest that eruptive activity and the accompanying seismicity were caused by repeated injections of magma from the mantle into the lower crust. These magma pulses occurred within a small and well‐defined volume resulting in the emplacement of fresh magma along the crust‐mantle boundary underneath El Hierro. We analyzed the distribution of earthquake hypocenters in time and space in order to assess seismic diffusivity in the lower crust. Our results suggest that very high earthquake rates underneath El Hierro represent the response of a stable lower crust to stress perturbations with pulsatory character, linked to the injection of magma from the mantle. Magma input from depth caused large stress perturbations to propagate into the lower crust generating energetic seismic swarms. The absence of any preferential alignment in the spatial pattern of seismicity reinforces our hypothesis that stress perturbation and related seismicity, had diffusive character. We conclude that the temporal and spatial evolution of seismicity was neither tracking the path of magma migration nor it defines the boundaries of magma storage volumes such as a midcrustal sill. Our conceptual model considers pulsatory magma injection from the upper mantle and its propagation along the Moho. We suggest, within this framework, that the spatial and temporal distributions of earthquake hypocenters reflect hydraulic fracturing processes associated with stress propagation due to magma movement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 1002/2015jb012249mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic hydraulic fracture migration originated by successive deep magma pulses: The 2011–2013 seismic series associated to the volcanic activity of El Hierro Island

et al. 2015

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“…For the purposes of this research, we will refer to these two crises as Phase 3 (2012‐06‐14 to 2012‐08‐21; Figure 2d) and Phase 4 (2013‐03‐17 to 2013‐04‐30; Figure 2e). Some authors think that there is oceanographic and geochemical evidence that the seismic activity in Phase 3 is coincident in time with submarine volcanic activity offshore the western coast of El Hierro (García‐Yeguas et al., 2014; Pérez et al., 2014), but this volcanic activity must be interpreted in terms of magma injection processes that do not necessarily culminate in an eruptive process (Blanco et al., 2015; Pérez et al., 2015). There is no evidence of new eruptions near El Hierro island after the one that occurred between October, 2011 and March, 2012, although several authors do suggest that the magmatic processes around El Hierro island continued after the conclusion of that eruption (García et al., 2014).…”

Section: Seismic and Volcanic Activity Related To El Hierro (2011–2013)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tidal Influence on Seismic Activity During the 2011–2013 El Hierro Volcanic Unrest

et al. 2021

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Lunar and solar tides rhythmically stress Earth at the tidal periods. These cyclic variations, ranging from 10 to 100 hPa (Tanaka, 2010), appear small compared to earthquake stress drops, which lie between 1,000 and 10 5 hPa (Métivier et al., 2009). Nevertheless, tidal stressing is nonlinear in nature and reaches rates of up to 10 hPa/hour, often higher than tectonic stress rates between earthquakes, which reach ∼0.2 hPa/hour (Emter, 1997). As rapid tidal stresses are superimposed on the far slower, incremental tectonic stresses, they may provide a potential triggering or modulating effect on seismicity rates. As a result, a good deal of research has been carried out that studies the relationship between tides and earthquakes. A detailed review of this subject can be found in the supporting information (Text S1).

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“…The originated volcano was named "Tagoro". Such volcanic eruption is the first of the twenty-first century in the Canary Islands, therefore, the study of the volcanic characteristics and its evolution are well documented (Barrera Morate and García Moral 2011; Pérez-Torrado et al 2012;Domínguez Cerdeña et al 2018;Melián et al 2014;Pérez et al , 2014Pérez et al , 2015Padrón et al 2013;Carracedo et al 2012;Rivera et al 2013). Particularly interesting were the surface seawater discoloration phenomena and the presence of floating volcanic material.…”

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confidence: 99%

Volcanology of Recent Oceanic Active Island

Ramos

Ortega

Przeor

et al. 2022

Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism

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The island of El Hierro is the youngest of the entire Canary archipelago, with an age of about 1.56 My. However, it has had a rapid growth, which has caused that from its first stages of formation it has had important collapses. Since submarine volcanism, El Hierro has gone through different phases of formation such as the construction of the Tiñor Building, later that of the El Golfo Building, then came the Rifts volcanism and finally the historical volcanism. This is the geological context of an island whose formation process has not yet finished.

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Reply to comment from Blanco et al. (2015) on “Evidence from acoustic imaging for submarine volcanic activity in 2012 off the west coast of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain) by Pérez et al. [Bull. Volcanol. (2014), 76:882–896]

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

Seismic hydraulic fracture migration originated by successive deep magma pulses: The 2011–2013 seismic series associated to the volcanic activity of El Hierro Island

Seismic hydraulic fracture migration originated by successive deep magma pulses: The 2011–2013 seismic series associated to the volcanic activity of El Hierro Island

Tidal Influence on Seismic Activity During the 2011–2013 El Hierro Volcanic Unrest

Volcanology of Recent Oceanic Active Island

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