Reply to ‘Early Silurian positive <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C excursions and their relationship to glaciations, sea‐level changes and extinction events: discussion’ by Bradley D. Cramer and Axel Munnecke

Loydell, David K.

doi:10.1002/gj.1110

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Diminished absolute values of δ 13 C carb away from Silurian epicontinental shelves toward basinal sections have been discussed previously Munnecke et al, 2003;Melchin and Holmden, 2006;Loydell, 2007Loydell, , 2008bCramer and Munnecke, 2008). The most analogous Telychian strata yet investigated for δ 13 C carb are the graptolitic shales of Cornwallis Island, Canada, of Melchin and Holmden (2006) which show average lower Telychian (Spirograptus guerichi and Sp.…”

Section: Banwy River Walesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Testing the limits of Paleozoic chronostratigraphic correlation via high-resolution (<500 k.y.) integrated conodont, graptolite, and carbon isotope ( 13Ccarb) biochemostratigraphy across the Llandovery-Wenlock (Silurian) boundary: Is a unified Phanerozoic time scale achievable?

Cramer¹,

Loydell²,

Samtleben³

et al. 2010

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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The resolution and fi delity of global chronostratigraphic correlation are direct functions of the time period under consideration. By virtue of deep-ocean cores and astrochronology, the Cenozoic and Mesozoic time scales carry error bars of a few thousand years (k.y.) to a few hundred k.y. In contrast, most of the Paleozoic time scale carries error bars of plus or minus a few million years (m.y.), and chronostratigraphic control better than ±1 m.y. is considered "high resolution." The general lack of Paleozoic abyssal sediments and paucity of orbitally tuned Paleozoic data series combined with the relative incompleteness of the Paleozoic stratigraphic record have proven historically to be such an obstacle to intercontinental chronostratigraphic correlation that resolving the Paleozoic time scale to the level achieved during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic was viewed as impractical, impossible, or both.Here, we utilize integrated graptolite, conodont, and carbonate carbon isotope (δ 13 C carb ) data from three paleocontinents (Baltica, Avalonia, and Laurentia) to demonstrate chronostratigraphic control for upper Llando very through middle Wenlock (TelychianSheinwoodian , ~436-426 Ma) strata with a resolution of a few hundred k.y. The interval surrounding the base of the Wenlock Series can now be correlated globally with precision approaching 100 k.y., but some intervals (e.g., uppermost Telychian and upper Sheinwoodian) are either yet to be studied in sufficient detail or do not show suffi cient biologic speciation and/or extinction or carbon isotopic features to delineate such small time slices. Although producing such resolution during the Paleozoic presents an array of challenges unique to the era, we have begun to demonstrate that erecting a Paleozoic time scale comparable to that of younger eras is achievable.

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Section: Banwy River Walesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Testing the limits of Paleozoic chronostratigraphic correlation via high-resolution (<500 k.y.) integrated conodont, graptolite, and carbon isotope ( 13Ccarb) biochemostratigraphy across the Llandovery-Wenlock (Silurian) boundary: Is a unified Phanerozoic time scale achievable?

Cramer¹,

Loydell²,

Samtleben³

et al. 2010

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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“…The cause of these positive "excursions" in the Silurian is a matter of some debate (Saltzman, 2003;Cramer and Saltzman, 2007a;Loydell, 2007Loydell, , 2008Cramer and Munnecke, 2008;McLaughlin et al, 2012a;Vandenbroucke et al, 2015), nevertheless, it is generally thought that these phenomena are linked to widespread burial of isotopically light organic carbon ( 12 C) in the deep sea, leaving the atmosphere and hydrosphere preferentially enriched in heavy 13 C (Kump and Arthur, 1999;Saltzman and Thomas, 2012). These appear to be global phenomena.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A record of Late Ordovician to Silurian oceanographic events on the margin of Baltica based on new carbon isotope data, elemental geochemistry, and biostratigraphy from two boreholes in central Poland

Sullivan¹,

Loydell

Montgomery

et al. 2018

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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“…Munnecke et al ., ; Johnson, ; Cramer and Saltzman, ; Fanton and Holmden, ; Loydell, ; Cramer and Munnecke, ; Kozłowski and Sobień, ) but, ultimately limited by problems in identification of relative sea‐level changes across different depositional settings, and in tying them to the biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic record (e.g. Loydell, ; Cramer and Munnecke, ; Loydell, ; Bergström et al ., ; Johnson, ). Sequence stratigraphic terminology remains subjective and vulnerable to problems with non‐uniqueness compared to biostratigraphy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Wenlock carbon isotope excursions and associated conodont fauna in the Podlasie Depression, eastern Poland: a not‐so‐big crisis?

Jarochowska

Munnecke

2015

Geological Journal

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The middle Silurian ‘big crisis’ refers to a graptolite extinction event and faunal turnover at the onset of a double‐peaked positive carbon isotope excursion. The crisis has been proposed to affect conodonts, giving rise to a sophisticated palaeoecological model of their stepwise extinction, known as the Mulde Event. However, the impact of the event on conodont faunas outside Gotland and the Silurian Baltic Basin remains unknown. Here, it is examined in the Widowo IG‐1 core (E Poland). The middle Silurian succession in this core represents foreshoal, shoal, and lagoonal settings on a tropical carbonate ramp on the shelf of the Eastern European Craton. Three positive δ13Ccarb excursions have been identified; the two upper excursions correlate with the Mulde isotope anomaly and with two global eustatic regressions. Conodont species proposed to be affected by the extinction event either were not observed or ranged through the extinction interval. Changes in their frequencies are best explained by the sequence stratigraphic architecture of the late Wenlock strata in the Widowo IG‐1 core. The little impact of the ‘big crisis’ may reflect facies homogeneity across the studied interval, supporting the hypothesis that the late Wenlock conodont turnover in epicontinental settings was primarily driven by eustatically controlled facies shifts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Reply to ‘Early Silurian positive δ¹³C excursions and their relationship to glaciations, sea‐level changes and extinction events: discussion’ by Bradley D. Cramer and Axel Munnecke

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

Testing the limits of Paleozoic chronostratigraphic correlation via high-resolution (<500 k.y.) integrated conodont, graptolite, and carbon isotope ( 13Ccarb) biochemostratigraphy across the Llandovery-Wenlock (Silurian) boundary: Is a unified Phanerozoic time scale achievable?

Testing the limits of Paleozoic chronostratigraphic correlation via high-resolution (<500 k.y.) integrated conodont, graptolite, and carbon isotope ( 13Ccarb) biochemostratigraphy across the Llandovery-Wenlock (Silurian) boundary: Is a unified Phanerozoic time scale achievable?

A record of Late Ordovician to Silurian oceanographic events on the margin of Baltica based on new carbon isotope data, elemental geochemistry, and biostratigraphy from two boreholes in central Poland

Late Wenlock carbon isotope excursions and associated conodont fauna in the Podlasie Depression, eastern Poland: a not‐so‐big crisis?

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Reply to ‘Early Silurian positive δ13C excursions and their relationship to glaciations, sea‐level changes and extinction events: discussion’ by Bradley D. Cramer and Axel Munnecke

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

Testing the limits of Paleozoic chronostratigraphic correlation via high-resolution (<500 k.y.) integrated conodont, graptolite, and carbon isotope ( 13Ccarb) biochemostratigraphy across the Llandovery-Wenlock (Silurian) boundary: Is a unified Phanerozoic time scale achievable?

Testing the limits of Paleozoic chronostratigraphic correlation via high-resolution (<500 k.y.) integrated conodont, graptolite, and carbon isotope ( 13Ccarb) biochemostratigraphy across the Llandovery-Wenlock (Silurian) boundary: Is a unified Phanerozoic time scale achievable?

A record of Late Ordovician to Silurian oceanographic events on the margin of Baltica based on new carbon isotope data, elemental geochemistry, and biostratigraphy from two boreholes in central Poland

Late Wenlock carbon isotope excursions and associated conodont fauna in the Podlasie Depression, eastern Poland: a not‐so‐big crisis?

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Reply to ‘Early Silurian positive δ¹³C excursions and their relationship to glaciations, sea‐level changes and extinction events: discussion’ by Bradley D. Cramer and Axel Munnecke