Reply to the comment by E. Kolaiti and N. Mourtzas on “Coastal subsidence, destruction layers and earthquakes from an underwater archaeological excavation: Kenchreai, eastern harbour of Roman Corinth, Greece” by S.C. Stiros. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews

Stiros, Stathis C.

doi:10.1007/s42990-020-00035-4

Cited by 2 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This is the case of the columns that can move and oscillate freely around the 360 • of their supporting base. The same happens with the bases, drums and shafts of these columns, which are also circular in shape section [1,2]. The oscillation movements produced by the seismic waves induce an alternating increase of load in the direction of seismic waves arrival (and opposite) leading to the cracking and splitting at the drum joints; these structures are called dipping broken corners [40,41,44,48].…”

Section: Dipping Broken Corners In Columns (Dbc)mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Despite the existence of different approaches on archaeoseismological research, e.g., [2,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45], the present study follows the guidelines of the oriented damage analysis in Earthquake Archaeological Effects (EAEs) by means of structural geology practices [41,44,45]. The studied site does not have the essential stratigraphic and tectonic characteristics to apply the most classical archaeoseismic geoarchaeological methodology [2], such as the analysis of fresh cut-slopes, modern excavations or close fault surface ruptures. On the contrary, the site has been excavated since the early 20th century and an important graphic documentary research (analysis of old photos, drawings, maps, etc.)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As illustrated in Figure 10B, during seismic shacking, the circular ground base of the oven rotated in a counter-clockwise sense (towards the SE), triggering the visible twist of the oven vault. These kinds of rotations in circular elements without anisotropy, as orthogonal walls could be, are indicative of permanent ground deformation since the base of the structure rotates, but not its upper part [1,2]. Therefore, this EAE is an excellent indicator of the direction of maximum horizontal deformation (i.e., SHmax trajectories) [44,45].…”

Section: Deformed and Displaced Vaults (Ddv)mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In general, post-seismic effects are usually those that primarily imply that a given archaeological site may have been affected by an earthquake. One of these post-seismic effects is the unjustified abrupt abandonment of cities and settlements [1][2][3]41]. This is the case of the magnificent and luxurious city of Medina Azahara, which was abandoned without justification between 1009 and 1010 CE, after less than 35 years of occupation and activity.…”

Section: Archaeoseismological Evidencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The causes that led to the destruction and abandonment of many archaeological sites are still subject of intense debate, especially when dealing with medieval or antiquity sites. Since the emergence of archaeoseismology, earthquakes are playing a heading role to explain the decadence, abandonment and destruction of many ancient sites around the Mediterranean Sea [1][2][3]. The present study deals with the premature abandonment and destruction of Medina Azahara, Capital of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba (Andalusia, Spain) between the late 10th and the early 11th centuries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Archaeoseismological Evidence of Seismic Damage at Medina Azahara (Córdoba, Spain) from the Early 11th Century

et al. 2023

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The “Caliphal City of Medina Azahara” was built in 936–937 CE or 940–941 CE (depending on the source) by the first Caliph of al-Andalus Abd al-Rahman III, being recently inscribed (2018) on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The abandonment and destruction of the city have been traditionally related to the civil war (“fitna”) that started between 1009 and 1010 CE. However, we cannot rule out other causes for the rapid depopulation and plundering of the city just a few decades after its foundation. The archaeoseismological study provides the first clues on the possible role played by an earthquake in the sudden abandonment and ruin of the city. Eleven different types of Earthquake Archaeological Effects (EAEs) have been identified, such as dropped key stones in arches, tilted walls, conjugated fractures in brick-made walls, conjugated fractures and folds in regular pavements and dipping broken corners in columns, among others. Besides that, 163 structural measures on EAEs were surveyed resulting in a mean ground movement direction of N140°–160° E. This geological structural analysis clearly indicates a building-oriented damage, which can be reasonably attributed to an earthquake that devastated Medina Azahara during the 11st or 12th centuries CE. If this were the case, two strong earthquakes (≥VIII MSK/EMS) occurred in 1024–1025 CE and 1169–1170 CE could be the suspected causative events of the damage and destruction of the city.

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Section: Dipping Broken Corners In Columns (Dbc)mentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deformed and Displaced Vaults (Ddv)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Archaeoseismological Evidencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Archaeoseismological Evidence of Seismic Damage at Medina Azahara (Córdoba, Spain) from the Early 11th Century

et al. 2023

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Unraveling the Seismic Source in Archaeoseismology: A Combined Approach on Local Site Effects and Geochemical Data Integration

Bottari,

Capizzi,

Sortino

2024

Heritage

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Archaeoseismological research often deals with two unresolved questions: the magnitude and level of damage caused by past earthquakes, and the precise location of the seismic source. We propose a comprehensive review of an integrated approach that combines site effects with the analysis of geochemical data in the field of archaeoseismology. This approach aims to identify active buried faults potentially related to the causative seismic source and provide insights into earthquake parameters. For each integrated method, we report the foundational principles, delineation of theoretical field procedures, and exemplification through two case studies. Site effects analysis in archaeoseismology assumes a pivotal role in unraveling historical seismic occurrences. It enables estimating the earthquake magnitude, assessing the seismotectonic patterns, and determining the resulting damage level. Valuable data related to earthquake parameters can be extracted by analyzing vibration frequencies and acceleration measurements from structures within archaeological sites. This information is instrumental in characterizing seismic events, evaluating their impact on ancient structures, and enhancing our understanding of earthquake hazards within the archaeological context. Geochemical investigations supply indispensable tools for identifying buried active faults. The analysis of fluids and gases vented in proximity to faults yields valuable insights into their nature, activity, and underlying mechanisms. Faults often manifest distinctive geochemical imprints, enabling the differentiation between tectonically active and volcanically related fault systems. The presence of specific gases can further serve as indicators of the environmental conditions surrounding these fault networks. Integrating site effects analysis and geochemical investigations within archaeoseismological research is crucial to improving our understanding of unknown past earthquakes. Moreover, it enhances the seismic hazard assessment of the region under study.

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Reply to the comment by E. Kolaiti and N. Mourtzas on “Coastal subsidence, destruction layers and earthquakes from an underwater archaeological excavation: Kenchreai, eastern harbour of Roman Corinth, Greece” by S.C. Stiros. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews

Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

Archaeoseismological Evidence of Seismic Damage at Medina Azahara (Córdoba, Spain) from the Early 11th Century

Archaeoseismological Evidence of Seismic Damage at Medina Azahara (Córdoba, Spain) from the Early 11th Century

Unraveling the Seismic Source in Archaeoseismology: A Combined Approach on Local Site Effects and Geochemical Data Integration

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