Purpose
Educational barriers hinder the widespread application of pharmacogenomics in clinical practice. This review summarizes requisite pharmacist competencies, educational standards, and the current state of pharmacogenomics education to propose best practice solutions for educators to meet the specific needs and challenges of this complex topic.
Summary
Consensus-based pharmacist competencies and clinical guidelines have been published to guide knowledge attainment and application of pharmacogenomics concepts. Pharmacogenomics education is often integrated into existing courses and increasingly, within required standalone courses within PharmD curricula. Continuing education programs and limited postgraduate residencies/fellowship training opportunities are available to practitioners. However, challenges in identifying the optimal structure and amount of coverage, limited number of faculty experts, and inadequate availability of advanced pharmacogenomics practice settings for experiential education are limiting. Fortunately, successful approaches are emerging for both students and practitioners. In pharmacy schools, strategies include early exposure through foundational courses, incorporation into practice-based therapeutics courses, and introductory and advanced pharmacy practice experiences. For practitioners, institution-specific training, online resources, education within clinical decision support tools, and certificate programs can supplement more robust structured post-graduate training programs. Recent data also show the success of shared curricula and participatory education models involving an opportunity for learners to undergo personal genomic testing first-hand.
Conclusion
The pharmacy profession has taken a leadership role in expanding student and practitioner education to meet the demands of precision medicine initiatives. Effective approaches to attain pharmacogenomics knowledge and to drive its appropriate application in clinical practice are increasingly available.