Report of the Independent Expert on the Question of Human Rights and Extreme Poverty

Social Policy for Neoliberalism: The Bolsa Família Programme in Brazil

“…In contrast, self‐targeting programmes cost around 6 per cent to set up, and universal programmes much less (Slater, : 16‒19) . Once the poor have been identified, CCT management costs can reach 30 per cent of transfers, in contrast with 15 per cent for universal programmes (Sepúlveda Carmona, : 11). These costs are lower in the advanced economies, where management systems already exist and most claimants are literate and hold the required documents. Targeting spawns two errors: Type I (undercoverage, or the exclusion of qualifying individuals) and Type II (leakage, or the inclusion of the non‐poor) .…”

“…The third axis is the universalization and decommodification of social provision and improvements in quantity and quality of provision (Ghosh, : 853; Sepúlveda Carmona, : 11). This would require the transformation of PBF into an unconditional income guarantee programme that may be supplemented by a universal child allowance .…”

“…The UN human rights rapporteur states that ‘[t]he exclusion of an individual or a household … because of failure to satisfy … conditions raises strong human rights concerns … States must ensure that whatever policy they implement … will not violate the right of individuals’ (Sepúlveda Carmona, : 16).…”

“…This paragraph draws on Dutrey (: 2‒3) and Mkandawire (: 9). These errors are non‐equivalent: ‘from a human rights perspective inclusion errors … are not as problematic as exclusion errors’ (Sepúlveda Carmona, : 12).…”

“…Minimum income guarantees are ‘desirable in themselves and constitute requirements for any civilised society’ (Ghosh, : 68). Pierri () and Sepúlveda Carmona () discuss the transformation of CCTs into justiciable rights.…”