Report on residential :

Averill, Jason D.; Moore-Merrell, Lori; Barowy, Adam M.; Santos, Robert; Peacock, Richard D.; Notarianni, Kathy A.; Wissoker, Doug

doi:10.6028/nist.tn.1661

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Fire sizes varied widely within and between each scenario, depending on when the firefighters arrived to the room location (which depended on exterior operations, such as forcible entry, and hose movement time within the structure) as well as throughout the time they were working in the room (water is applied, but may not completely suppress the fires). Based upon previous experiments conducted by NIST to characterize the heat release rate of various wooden pallet and excelsior fuel load configurations [38], it can be estimated that the fire size never exceeded 3 MW for any of the studied scenarios. Characteristics of the five different exercises, such as the number of repeats, the structure in which it was conducted, and the average duration of an exposure for each exercise, are listed in Table 3.…”

Section: Live-fire Training Exercisesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing a Firefighter’s Immediate Thermal Environment in Live-Fire Training Scenarios

2016

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Abstract. Detailed characterization of a firefighter's typical thermal exposures during live-fire training and responses can provide important insights into the risks faced and the necessary protections, protocols, and standards required. In order to gather data on representative thermal conditions from a firefighter's continually varying local environment in a live-fire training exercise, a portable heat flux and gas temperature measurement system was created, calibrated, and integrated into firefighter personal protective equipment (PPE). Data were collected from 25 live-fire training exposures during seven different types of scenarios. Based on the collected data, mild training environments generally exposed firefighters to temperatures around 50°C and heat fluxes around 1 kW/m 2 , while severe training conditions generally resulted in temperatures between 150°C and 200°C with heat fluxes between 3 kW/m 2 and 6 kW/m 2 . For every scenario investigated, the heat flux data portrayed a more severe environment than the temperature data when interpreted using established thermal classes developed by the National Institute for Standards and Technology for electronic equipment used by first responders. Local temperatures from the portable measurement system were compared with temperatures measured by stationary thermocouples installed in the training structure for 14 different exposures. It was determined the stationary temperatures represented only a rough approximate bound of the actual temperature of the immediate training environment due to the typically coarse distribution of these sensors throughout the structure and their relative (fixed) distance from the fire sets. The portable thermal measurement system has provided new insights into the integration of electronic sensors with firefighter PPE and the conditions experienced by firefighters in live-fire training scenarios, which has promise to improve the safety and health of the fire service.

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Section: Live-fire Training Exercisesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing a Firefighter’s Immediate Thermal Environment in Live-Fire Training Scenarios

2016

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“…Modeled time to flashover may be compared with the time requirements for fire brigade interventions. According to Averill et al [51] and Reglen and Scheller [52], this includes the time to verify a fire alarm and inform the alarm central (60 s), alarm-central processing time (60 s), firefighters turnout time (80 s, that is, for manned fire stations), transport time and time to get oriented, roll out fire hoses and start firefighting (40 s). The fire fighters’ turnout time, and the time from arrival at the scene of the fire to applying water on the fire, is known to vary during the day and throughout the year due to traffic and weather conditions [53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Indoor Relative Humidity and Wood Moisture Content as a Proxy for Wooden Home Fire Risk

Log¹

2019

Sensors

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Severe wooden home conflagrations have previously been linked to the combination of very dry indoor climate in inhabited buildings during winter time, resulting in rapid fire development and strong winds spreading the fire to neighboring structures. Knowledge about how ambient conditions increase the fire risk associated with dry indoor conditions is, however, lacking. In the present work, the moisture content of indoor wooden home wall panels was modeled based on ambient temperature and relative humidity recorded at meteorological stations as the climatic boundary conditions. The model comprises an air change rate based on ambient and indoor (22 °C) temperatures, indoor moisture sources and wood panel moisture sorption processes; it was tested on four selected homes in Norway during the winter of 2015/2016. The results were compared to values recorded by indoor relative humidity sensors in the homes, which ranged from naturally ventilated early 1900s homes to a modern home with balanced ventilation. The modeled indoor relative humidity levels during cold weather agreed well with recorded values to within 3% relative humidity (RH) root mean square deviation, and thus provided reliable information about expected wood panel moisture content. This information was used to assess historic single home fire risk represented by an estimated time to flashover during the studied period. Based on the modelling, it can be concluded that three days in Haugesund, Norway, in January 2016 were associated with very high conflagration risk due to dry indoor wooden materials and strong winds. In the future, the presented methodology may possibly be based on weather forecasts to predict increased conflagration risk a few days ahead. This could then enable proactive emergency responses for improved fire disaster risk management.

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“…65 Almost bitterly, he added, "If your therapist is telling you that you are not being assertive enough, he reads you differently than I do or ever have." 66 Mr. Callen went on to argue that all relationships, including familial ones, operate most successfully when they proceed from "reasonably defined parameters within the basic tenets of each person's philosophy. "…”

Section: Where the Boys Are: New York City 1977-1982mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…66 Ibid. I know this is hard for you, and my true source of sadness is that two who so obviously love each other must be locked in this life-and-death-like struggle towards freedom to express that love.…”

Section: Where the Boys Are: New York City 1977-1982mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…65 David prefers to view AIDS art from a perspective he calls "critical generosity." 66 Critical generosity "looks beyond conventional forms of analysis" in order to find ways to "honor the potential inherent in all AIDS performance to help us more effectively understand AIDS" and understands that "criticism can be much more than simply a procedure of critique or a means for qualitative analysis. Criticism can also be a cooperative endeavor and collaborative engagement with a larger social mission."…”

Section: Sound and Aesthetics: Critical Generositymentioning

confidence: 99%

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How to Make Music in an Epidemic: Hearing AIDS, 1981-1996

Jones¹

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For the ones who aren't here… AIDS does not exist apart from the practices that conceptualize it, represent it, and respond to it. We know AIDS only in and through those practices. This assertion does not contest the existence of viruses, antibodies, infections, or transmission routes. Least of all does it contest the reality of illness, suffering, and death. What it does contest is the notion that there is an underlying reality of AIDS, on which are constructed the representations, or the culture, or the politics of AIDS. If we recognize that AIDS exists only in and through these constructions, then the hope is that we can also recognize the imperative to know them, analyze them, and wrest control of them. Denver Delegation 1983 266 6.4The Denver Principles 267 6.5Being Sworn in for Testimony 269 6.6Peter Allen AIDS Walk 1986 271 6.7Ten Percent Revue 290 6.8The Flirtations Original Sextet 292 6.9Blossom Figure iii AcknowledgmentsThere's an African proverb that says "it takes a village to raise a child. It is remarkable that a conservative publication like Reader's Digest labeled AIDS the "plague that knows no boundaries" in 1987. The accompanying article details the spread of HIV/AIDS throughout Africa, where the demographics of the epidemic differ markedly from the US. There, HIV/AIDS has been largely a heterosexual health issue whereas in the US, HIV/AIDS has been constructed predominantly as a health problem for gay men. Since the start of the epidemic, HIV/AIDS has been defined by boundaries, along a shifting border between straight/gay, white/black, affluent/poor, and first world/third world. The first term in each pair represents the "general population," once thought to be safe from AIDS; the second, "risk groups," whose lifestyles or circumstances were seen (often by the leaders of the "general population") as particularly vulnerable to-if not deserving of-infection, sickness, and death. If HIV/AIDS really is an epidemic without borders, how do we make sense of it?How do we understand and discuss the biomedical, political, legal, and cultural impact of this global pandemic? Part of the answer to these questions can be found in the discursive structures used to describe and represent AIDS. These include medical, scientific, and 1 Discussions of the meaning of "syndrome" in discourses about the epidemic include Jeffrey Week's "Post-Modern AIDS" in Boffin and Gupta's Ecstatic Antibodies: Resisting the AIDS Mythology (Rivers Oram Press, 1990). Weeks writes, "AIDS is a pre-eminently modern phenomenon, the 'disease' of the last part of the twentieth century. But it is also a remarkably historicized phenomenon, shadowed by histories that frame and shape responses to it and burden people with HIV and AIDS with a freight from the past they should not have to bear" (133 Crimp's full assertion is that "AIDS does not exist apart from the practices that conceptualize it, represent it, and respond to it. We know AIDS only in and through those practices. This assertion does not contest the existence of viruses, a...

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Report on residential :

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Characterizing a Firefighter’s Immediate Thermal Environment in Live-Fire Training Scenarios

Characterizing a Firefighter’s Immediate Thermal Environment in Live-Fire Training Scenarios

Modeling Indoor Relative Humidity and Wood Moisture Content as a Proxy for Wooden Home Fire Risk

How to Make Music in an Epidemic: Hearing AIDS, 1981-1996

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