Representation of memory prototype for an object color

Color appearance rating of familiar real objects under immersive viewing conditions

“…Furthermore, most of the tested object colors showed increased chroma when recalled from memory, an overall trend, which has been confirmed in various subsequent experiments. 5,6,10,11,14,18,19,36 However, some of the test objects of naturally low saturation like sand, skin, and concrete, did not show this effect, which was also confirmed by the findings of P erez-Carpinell et al 6 who examined the memory induced shifts in dominant wavelength and colorimetric purity of eight familiar objects with the help of Munsell color patches assessed under different illuminants (D65 and A) while considering two different observer groups with varying degree of expertise regarding the technical and artistic aspects of color. Again, only the names of the test objects were given as a hint to the observers that were asked to perform the color matching with respect to their long-term memory impression of the respective object.…”

“…Several subsequent studies investigating the influence of memory on the perception of object colors validated Hering's claim by showing that the expectation of the color of an object being impressed on the observer's long-term memory undeniably affects its perceived color. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Independent experiments performed by Duncker, 2 Bruner et al, 7 and Harper 8 for example revealed that the memory color, which is associated with a certain familiar object, has a significantly measurable impact on the observers' color matching results when the object is presented in such a way that its actual color is not the color characteristically identified with it, that is, a yellow banana illuminated by a red light source leads to a more yellowish color matching result than its actual color of presentation would suggest.…”

“…By excluding object properties such as texture, shape, and size-which were demonstrated to have an impact on both similarity ratings 14,37 and color constancy 38,39 -from the assessments, these memory color matching experiments based on abstract Munsell color patches could only lead to a rough estimate of the underlying ground truth rather than providing a detailed analysis of how people assess memory colors under realistic viewing conditions. To overcome these shortcomings, Sanders 5 in the late 1950s was the first who examined color appearance ratings with respect to the observers' long-term memory by presenting them real familiar test objects-an approach, which was later adopted and refined in a seminal work by Smet et al 10 In both studies, the test objects were presented to the observers in a cleverly designed viewing cabinet in such a way that the object's color appearance could be varied over a wide range while the visual adaptation level of the observers remains approximately constant.…”

“…During the experiments, the participants were asked to rate the similarity of the currently presented object color with their idea of what the object looks like in reality on a five-level scale of the Likert-type. 40 Besides providing color centers and acceptance boundaries for the memory colors of each of the test objects, such a rating scale also allowed for the introduction of certain weighting functions describing the quantitative assessment of the color appearance of the test objects as it was performed for the first time by Yendrikhovskij et al 14 who prototypically modeled the memory color appearance ratings of a ripe banana by fitting bivariate Gaussian functions.…”

No measured effect of a familiar contextual object on color constancy

“…Such "memory colors" can be recalled and may influence perception. 1 Indeed, memory for the color of familiar objects and its possible influence on perception has been studied extensively, [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] with the results of interest not only for basic vision science but also for applications in color reproduction.…”