“…Pioneered by Laurini and Milleret‐Raffort (1991), this idea is to list the geographic constraints a geographic object must follow. This track was continued by many researchers, among whom we can mention Plümer (1996), Cockcroft (1997), Servigne, Ubeda, Puricelli, and Laurini (2000), Bravo and Rodriguez (2009), Werder (2009), and Roussey, Pinet, and Schneider (2013), with the scope of establishing the list of spatial integrity constraints to detect errors and often visualize them for manual corrections. For instance, an integrity constraint can check whether a polygon is well formed (for instance, not having a butterfly shape) or if there is no overlay between two polygons.…”