Representing sounds and spellings: Phonological decline and compensatory working memory in acquired hearing impairment

Classon, Elisabet

doi:10.3384/diss.diva-99786

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 217 publications

(442 reference statements)

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“…Most studies have defined their criteria for categorizing low vs. high working memory groups according to the mean or median of the test group, with criterion scores ranging from 36% to 44% correct (Classon, 2013). For this study, participants with scores less than or equal to 41% correct were categorized as having low working memory.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this study, participants with scores less than or equal to 41% correct were categorized as having low working memory. The 41% criterion was based on a review of several previous datasets with greater weight given to larger datasets (e.g., Souza & Arehart, 2015; Arehart, Souza, Baca & Kates, 2013; Classon, 2013). Based on this criterion, nine participants were categorized as having high working memory (mean scores 47.5% correct, range from 43.0% to 50% correct).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the Relationship Between Working Memory, Compressor Speed, and Background Noise Characteristics

2016

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Objectives Previous work has shown that individuals with lower working memory demonstrate reduced intelligibility for speech processed with fast-acting compression amplification. This relationship has been noted in fluctuating noise, but the extent of noise modulation that must be present to elicit such an effect is unknown. This study expanded on previous work by exploring the effect of background noise modulations in relation to compression speed and working memory ability, using a range of signal-to-noise ratios. Design Twenty-six older participants aged between 61 and 90 years were grouped by high or low working memory according to their performance on a reading span test. Speech intelligibility was measured for low-context sentences presented in background noise, where the noise varied in the extent of amplitude modulation. Simulated fast- or slow-acting compression amplification combined with individual frequency-gain shaping was applied to compensate for the individual’s hearing loss. Results Better speech intelligibility scores were observed for participants with high working memory when fast compression was applied than when slow compression was applied. The low working memory group behaved in the opposite way and performed better under slow compression compared to fast compression. There was also a significant effect of the extent of amplitude modulation in the background noise, such that the magnitude of the score difference (fast versus slow compression) depended on the number of talkers in the background noise. The presented signal-to-noise ratios were not a significant factor on the measured intelligibility performance. Conclusion In agreement with earlier research, high working memory allowed better speech intelligibility when fast compression was applied in modulated background noise. In the present experiment, that effect was present regardless of the extent of background noise modulation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Relationship Between Working Memory, Compressor Speed, and Background Noise Characteristics

2016

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“…However, there seems to be no differences in mean performance between the two test versions (Classon, 2013). …”

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confidence: 90%

On The (Un)importance of Working Memory in Speech-in-Noise Processing for Listeners with Normal Hearing Thresholds

2016

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With the advent of cognitive hearing science, increased attention has been given to individual differences in cognitive functioning and their explanatory power in accounting for inter-listener variability in the processing of speech in noise (SiN). The psychological construct that has received much interest in recent years is working memory. Empirical evidence indeed confirms the association between WM capacity (WMC) and SiN identification in older hearing-impaired listeners. However, some theoretical models propose that variations in WMC are an important predictor for variations in speech processing abilities in adverse perceptual conditions for all listeners, and this notion has become widely accepted within the field. To assess whether WMC also plays a role when listeners without hearing loss process speech in adverse listening conditions, we surveyed published and unpublished studies in which the Reading-Span test (a widely used measure of WMC) was administered in conjunction with a measure of SiN identification, using sentence material routinely used in audiological and hearing research. A meta-analysis revealed that, for young listeners with audiometrically normal hearing, individual variations in WMC are estimated to account for, on average, less than 2% of the variance in SiN identification scores. This result cautions against the (intuitively appealing) assumption that individual variations in WMC are predictive of SiN identification independently of the age and hearing status of the listener.

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“…For example, a relationship between severe to profound HL and deficiency in certain aspects of phonological processing has been demonstrated and suggested to come from a gradual loss of specificity of phonological representations (Andersson, 2002;Andersson & Lyxell 1999;Lyxell, Andersson, Borg, & Ohlson 2003;Rönnberg et al, 2011;Classon, 2013). Andersson (2002) concluded that specific aspects of the phonological system deteriorate in the HL population as a function of auditory deprivation.…”

Section: Cognitive Consequences Of Hlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of hearing loss on traffic safety and mobility

Thorslund¹

2014

Studies From the Swedish Institute for Disability Research

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Research into the effect of hearing loss (HL) on traffic safety and mobility is limited and the empirical findings are somewhat inconsistent. HL is one of the most frequent sensory deficits in humans, leading to loss of auditory information, which may affect behavior in traffic situations and might reduce traffic safety and mobility. The prevalence of age-related HL in Europe is roughly 30% for men and 20% for women at the age of 70 years, and 55% for men and 45% for women at the age of 80 years. The prevalence of age-related HL is increasing, and as a consequence the number of road users with HL will also increase.The aim of this PhD thesis was to investigate traffic safety and mobility for individuals with HL. Three studies were conducted: 1. a questionnaire survey aimed to evaluate differences in choice of transportation that might be related to HL, 2. a driving simulator study that looked into compensatory strategies and evaluated the efficiency of a tactile signal to alert the driver, and 3. a field study to evaluate these effects in real traffic and to evaluate a navigation system with a supportive tactile signal.The results of the three studies indicate that there are effects of HL on traffic safety and mobility. The effects are relatively small and often bound to driving complexity; but, systematic and consistent in replicated studies. Differences in transportation habits related to HL include less likelihood of having a driver's license and a higher valuing of written information, with the latter possibly prioritized before time and safety issues. Moreover, respondents with more HL were less concerned about the effects of HL, which suggests that they might be using compensatory strategies.In the experimental studies, differences in driving behavior related to HL were bound to driving conditions and occurred when the complexity of the driving task increased. There was also an effect of HL on visual behavior, indicated in the simulator and confirmed in the field study, suggesting that drivers with HL have more active visual behaviors with more frequent glances in the rear-view mirror and a general scanning of the environment before looking away from the road. A tactile signal in the driver seat was found useful in both experimental studies, both for calling for the driver's attention and facilitating navigation using a GPS navigation device.It was concluded that there are effects of HL on both traffic safety and mobility, consistently pointing toward a generally more cautious driving behavior with the use of both compensatory and coping strategies, which suggests a difference in experienced safety. Compensatory strategies associated with HL include driving at lower speeds and using a more comprehensive visual search behavior. Coping strategies associated with HL include engaging less in distracting activities. Evaluation of the tactile signal suggests that it may make driver assistance systems more accessible, not only to drivers with HL, but to all drivers. At the same time, the systems might bec...

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Representing sounds and spellings: Phonological decline and compensatory working memory in acquired hearing impairment

Cited by 6 publications

References 217 publications

Exploring the Relationship Between Working Memory, Compressor Speed, and Background Noise Characteristics

Exploring the Relationship Between Working Memory, Compressor Speed, and Background Noise Characteristics

On The (Un)importance of Working Memory in Speech-in-Noise Processing for Listeners with Normal Hearing Thresholds

Effects of hearing loss on traffic safety and mobility

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