Reproducibility of the cold pressor test: studies in normal subjects

Fasano, Maria Luisa; Sand, Trond; Brubakk, AO; Kruszewski, Piotr; Bordini, Carlos Alberto; Sjaastad, Ottar

doi:10.1007/bf02556295

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Moreover, even if CPT is a wide used test to increase sympathetic nervous activity this test presents indeed a large intraindividual variability (reliability) and a limited reproducibility. [42,43] In summary our study provides evidence for the presence of PB in a considerable number of hypertensive patients. PB was associated with greatly enhanced responses to cold pressor testing, indicating a potentiation of sympathetic outflow.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Spontanous periodic breathing is associated with sympathetic hyperreactivity and baroreceptor dysfunction in hypertension

Binggeli

Sudano²,

Corti³

et al. 2010

Journal of Hypertension

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OBJECTIVES: Intermittent periods of hypoxemia such as during periodic breathing are associated with hypertension and increased sympathetic activity. In patients with sleep apnea syndrome, hypertension is common. Treating apnea improves hypertension and reduces sympathetic outflow. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phenomenon and mechanisms of spontaneous periodic breathing in patients with hypertension. METHOD: We examined 43 hypertensive patients with untreated hypertension without left-ventricular dysfunction, heart failure or sleep apnea syndrome. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSA), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and respiration were continuously recorded at rest and during cold-pressor testing. Oxygen and a CO2-enriched gas were used to test central and peripheral chemoreceptors, respectively. Baroreceptor gain was measured using the alpha method. RESULTS: Seven out of 43 patients showed spontaneous periodic breathing while awake. No difference in MSA, HR and BP was seen between patients with and without periodic breathing at rest except the breathing pattern. However, the cold-pressor test caused a larger increase of MSA in patients with periodic breathing (203 +/-62 vs. 62 +/-8%, P < 0.0001 by ANOVA), as well as systolic (46 +/-6 vs. 25 +/-3 mmHg, P = 0.002) and diastolic BP (26 +/-5 vs. 12 +/-1 mmHg, P = 0.004, ANOVA). Baroreceptor gain was markedly higher in patients with periodic breathing. Chemoreceptor sensitivity was comparable. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous periodic breathing is relatively common in patients with hypertension and is associated with greatly enhanced responses to cold-pressor testing. We suggest increased baroreceptor gain and sympathetic outflow as a cause for the oscillatory respiration pattern via barorespiratory coupling.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Spontanous periodic breathing is associated with sympathetic hyperreactivity and baroreceptor dysfunction in hypertension

Binggeli

Sudano²,

Corti³

et al. 2010

Journal of Hypertension

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“…four minutes. The cold-pressor test has been extensively used in laboratory settings to elicit a stress response [33], [34], [35], [36]. It has been demonstrated that adding a social evaluative task further enhances the stress response [37].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Stress Induces Hyperacusis in Women with High Levels of Emotional Exhaustion

et al. 2013

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BackgroundHearing problems is one of the top ten public health disorders in the general population and there is a well-established relationship between stress and hearing problems. The aim of the present study was to explore if an acute stress will increase auditory sensitivity (hyperacusis) in individuals with high levels of emotional exhaustion (EE).MethodsHyperacusis was assessed using uncomfortable loudness levels (ULL) in 348 individuals (140 men; 208 women; age 23–71 years). Multivariate analyses (ordered logistic regression), were used to calculate odds ratios, including interacting or confounding effects of age, gender, ear wax and hearing loss (PTA). Two-way ANCOVAs were used to assess possible differences in mean ULLs between EE groups pre- and post-acute stress task (a combination of cold pressor, emotional Stroop and Social stress/video recording).ResultsThere were no baseline differences in mean ULLs between the three EE groups (one-way ANOVA). However, after the acute stress exposure there were significant differences in ULL means between the EE-groups in women. Post-hoc analyses showed that the differences in mean ULLs were between those with high vs. low EE (range 5.5–6.5 dB). Similar results were found for frequencies 0.5 and 1 kHz. The results demonstrate that women with high EE-levels display hyperacusis after an acute stress task. The odds of having hyperacusis were 2.5 (2 kHz, right ear; left ns) and 2.2 (4 kHz, right ear; left ns) times higher among those with high EE compared to those with low levels. All these results are adjusted for age, hearing loss and ear wax.ConclusionWomen with high levels of emotional exhaustion become more sensitive to sound after an acute stress task. This novel finding highlights the importance of including emotional exhaustion in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing problems.

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“…More contradictory are the data reported in the few studies which have investigated the repeatability of heart autonomic responses, induced either by the cold pressor test (Fasano et al, 1996;Jaurequi-Renaud et al, 2001) or by other non-painful procedures, like the tilt test (Cloarec-Blanchard et al, 1997) and the Valsalva maneuver (Lawrence et al, 1992). In this case, the findings are contrasting and not conclusive, probably because different models have been tested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…For instance, pain threshold appears to be lowered by situations inducing anxiety or augmented by situations provoking fear, as occurs in the stress response (Rhudy and Meagher, 2000). The repeatability of autonomic responses to pain, however, has been addressed with contrasting results (Fasano et al, 1996;Jaurequi-Renaud et al, 2001). The autonomic nervous system is greatly influenced by painful stimulation (Janig, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeatability of autonomic responses to pain anticipation and pain stimulation

Colloca

Pollo

2006

European Journal of Pain

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In this study we address the problem of the repeatability of autonomic responses in the experimental setting. In healthy volunteers, we measured the heart rate (HR) response to pain anticipation and to pain elicited with galvanic stimulation. After evaluation of pain threshold (T), all subjects underwent the same experimental protocol, whereby a painful stimulus at 1.5T was delivered on the forehead following a warning, while the ECG was continuously recorded. The procedure was repeated three times across a three-week period. The parameters recorded included pain threshold, pain rating, HR response to pain anticipation and HR response to pain. We found a high correlation among the three sessions for all parameters, indicating that, as occurs for pain threshold and pain rating, individual differences in autonomic responses can be reliably reproduced as well, even though significant habituation develops.

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Reproducibility of the cold pressor test: studies in normal subjects

Cited by 22 publications

References 25 publications

Spontanous periodic breathing is associated with sympathetic hyperreactivity and baroreceptor dysfunction in hypertension

Spontanous periodic breathing is associated with sympathetic hyperreactivity and baroreceptor dysfunction in hypertension

Acute Stress Induces Hyperacusis in Women with High Levels of Emotional Exhaustion

Repeatability of autonomic responses to pain anticipation and pain stimulation

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