Reproduction of a plane-wave sound field using an array of loudspeakers

Ward, D.B.; Abhayapala, Thushara D.

doi:10.1109/89.943347

Cited by 365 publications

(299 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Furthermore, no inverse matrix computations or solving of equation systems (as e.g. in [3,11]) are necessary. The advantages in terms of computational complexity still have to be investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The radius r appears in the expression for the driving function suggesting that (14) can only be satis ed for a single listening position. This nding has already been derived in [11]. We thus have to reference the reproduced wave eld to a point which is then the only location where the reproduction is correct.…”

Section: Derivation Of the Driving Function For A Virtual Plane Wavementioning

confidence: 99%

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Analytical driving functions for higher order Ambisonics

Ahrens

Spors

2008

2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing

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In this paper, we present the derivation and investigation of analytical expressions for the loudspeaker driving signals for higher order Ambisonics. The approach relies on the assumption of a continuous distribution of secondary sources on which sampling is performed to yield the actual loudspeaker signals for real-world implementations. For source-free volumes enclosed by the secondary source distribution, this formulation of Ambisonics leads to what is known as simple source approach. Since the simple source approach is theoretically well documented, we will depart from it and concentrate on the special case of a circular distribution of secondary point sources and derive analytical expressions for the driving signals. We furthermore derive a closed-form expression for the actual reproduced wave eld for the circular secondary source distribution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Derivation Of the Driving Function For A Virtual Plane Wavementioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical driving functions for higher order Ambisonics

Ahrens

Spors

2008

2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing

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“…However, the results are rather unsatisfying, mostly due to the fact that Ambisonics and its relatives rely on a discrete formulation, wave field synthesis on a continuous one. Some of the above mentioned approaches of the first type, especially [3] and [4], are principally not limited to specific loudspeaker setups. However, their formulation does not exploit any a priori knowledge of the actual loudspeaker setup giving away the potential to reduce computational complexity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The best-known representative of the former is Ambisonics [1]. More recent formulations of Ambisonics [2] include other representatives of this technique (mainly [3], [4], [5]). The difference between the above mentioned proposals is mainly the numerical algorithm which solves the employed equation system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproduction of a plane-wave sound field using planar and linear arrays of loudspeakers

Ahrens

Spors

2008

2008 3rd International Symposium on Communications, Control and Signal Processing

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In this paper, we consider the physical reproduction of plane-wave sound fields via continuous planar respectively linear distributions of secondary point sources. Our approach employs a formulation of the reproduction equation in the spatial frequency domain to explicitly solve it for the appropriate secondary source driving signals. This constitutes a generalization of the Ambisonics approach which is typically formulated for spherical and circular secondary source arrangements. For planar arrays, the alternative formulation provided by the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral equation is equivalent. For linear arrays, the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz formulation appears as a far-field/high-frequency approximation of the presented approach.Index Terms-Spatial audio, higher order Ambisonics, wave field synthesis, audio reproduction in a plane

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“…Wave Field Synthesis (WFS), which produces artificial wave fronts synthesized by multiple loudspeakers based on the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral, was developed in order to obtain the signal inputs to an array of multiple sound sources to reproduce the virtual sound field [3,4]. Ambisonics, which is another method used in multichannel audio (also referred to as a fullsphere surround sound technique), is based on a spherical harmonic analysis of the field to be reproduced, the spherical harmonics providing a means of describing a 3D sound field in terms of natural spatial basis functions [5,6]. The pressure matching technique using a least squares method [7,8] has also been applied to the problem of sound field reproduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Velocity controlled sound field reproduction by non-uniformly spaced loudspeakers

Shin

Nelson

Fazi

et al. 2016

Journal of Sound and Vibration

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One approach to the reproduction of a sound field is to ensure the reproduction of the acoustic pressure on the surface bounding the volume within which reproduction is sought.However, this approach suffers from technical limitations when the loudspeakers used for the reproduction of the surface acoustic pressures are unevenly spaced. It is shown in this paper that sound field reproduction with a spatially non-uniform loudspeaker arrangement can be considerably improved by changing the physical quantity to be controlled on the bounding surface from pressure to particle velocity. One of the main advantages of the velocity control method is the simplicity with which the inverse problem can be regularized, irrespective of the direction of arrival of the sound to be reproduced. In addition, the velocity controlled sound field shows better reproduction of the time averaged intensity flow in the reproduction region which in turn appears to be closely linked with better human perception of sound localization. Furthermore, the proposed method results in smoother "panning functions" that describe the variation of the source outputs as a function of the angle of incidence of the sound to be reproduced. The performance of the velocity matching method has been evaluated by comparison to the conventional pressure matching method and through simulations with several non-uniform loudspeaker layouts. The simulated results were also verified with experiments and subjective tests.

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Reproduction of a plane-wave sound field using an array of loudspeakers

Cited by 365 publications

References 7 publications

Analytical driving functions for higher order Ambisonics

Analytical driving functions for higher order Ambisonics

Reproduction of a plane-wave sound field using planar and linear arrays of loudspeakers

Velocity controlled sound field reproduction by non-uniformly spaced loudspeakers

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