There have been few field studies to date on female reproductive success in the Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus. Data were collected on female reproduction and kid mortality in a highdensity population in Akita City, Japan, for seven years from 1979 to 1985. The parturition rate from 1979 to 1984 was at least 81.1%, and the annual variation (73.3-85.7%) was not significant. Each adult female usually gave birth to a single kid in successive years and may have intermittently had 1-or 2-year interruptions of parturition. In the seven females observed from zero or one year of age, four (57.1%) and three females (42.9%) first gave birth at three and four years of age, respectively. The kid mortality rate from 1979 to 1984 was 54.7%, and the annual variation (27.3-88.9%) was significant. Compared with the pregnancy rates of culled serows in low-density local populations, parturition rates were remarkably high in the study area, perhaps because of good nutritional conditions. In low-density populations such as red-listed areas, it is necessary to monitor fertility rates as well as population densities to avoid local extinction.