Reproduction of Ferruginous Hawks Exposed to Controlled Disturbance

Use of roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes

“…The tra c volume on motorways does not seem to be of particular concern for the three dominant species, probably because it is a routine disturbance over time (White and Thurow, 1985;Preston and Beane, 1996). In fact, kestrels seemed more disturbed by our car driving relatively slowly in the safety lane (as they sometimes ew away while we passed) than by the continuous¯ow of fast vehicles.…”

Nesting Behavior, Provisioning Rates, and Parental Roles of Ferruginous Hawks in New Mexico

“…Most incubation is performed by the female, who takes short (less than 5 minute) breaks to receive food delivered by the male. During this time, ferruginous hawks are especially vulnerable to human disturbance Murphy 1978, White andThurow 1985). If interrupted, a pair may abandon nest-building activities, or an incubating female may abandon her clutch.…”

“…Because ferruginous hawks are highly sensitive to human disturbance during the reproductive period (White and Thurow 1985), monitoring and land management activities should not be conducted within sight of active nests during this time. Olendorff (1993) recommended safe dates for entry into nesting areas as a minimum of 99 days from egg-laying, or 68 days from hatching.…”

Status assessment and conservation plan for the yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii)

“…Increased predation of eggs and chicks due directly to human disturbance is well known in other northern-breeding waterbirds (e.g., Aahlund andGoetmark 1989, Keller 1991) and human use of lakes has been associated with poorer productivity in Common Loons in some studies (e.g., Titus and VanDruff 1981). Additional behavioral responses to disturbance that have been documented in other species, and are worthy of investigation in Yellow-billed Loons, include nest abandonment (White and Thurow 1985), decreased prey delivery to young (Fernández andAzkona 1993, Delaney et al 1999), avoidance of otherwise favorable nesting or foraging habitat (Thorson et al 2002), increased energy expenditure due to escape, wariness, or inefficient foraging (Knight et al 1991), a change in territorial intrusions and defense (Fort and Otter 2004), and various physiological responses to stress (Washburn et al 2003).…”