Reproduction Studies on Penned White-Tailed Deer

Verme, Louis J.

doi:10.2307/3798633

Cited by 175 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Verme (1965) found that the time for onset of estrus in white-tailed deer was slightly delayed when the level of nutrition was lowered before the normal time of estrus. Smith (1964Smith ( , 1965, on the other hand, found that nutritional deficiencies during the winter and spring, at the time of lambing in sheep, delayed the time for onset of estrus the following autumn.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of food and maternal conditions in fetal growth and size in wild reindeer

Skogland

1984

Ran

108

118

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Effekter av ernaering og simlas kondisjon på vekst og størrelse av foster hos villrein.TERJE SKOGLAND, DVF, Viltforskningen, Tungasletta 2, N-7000 Trondheim, Norway. Abstract: Fetal growth rates and birth weights were studied in four wild reindeer areas in Southern Norway (Hardangervidda, Hallingskarvet, Knutshø, Forelhogna), representing high and low density populations, with a 5-fold difference in mean lichen winter-food availability. Fetal growth was depressed by 42% in the high-densitv Hardangervidda population, and mean birth weights were 3.7 vs. 6.2 kg, with a 10 days difference in mean birth dates. Fetal size was better correlated with maternal weight, than age. Maternal weights increased until 5 yrs. of age and then decreased in the high-density Hardangervidda population (but not so in the low density Knutshø-Forclhogna populations). 55% of the offspring died before weaning in the Hardangervidda herd, but no significant calf losses were found amont the large-sized does in the food-abundant areas. Sammendrag: Fostervekst og fødselsvekter ble undersøkt i fire villreinområder i Sør-Norge (Hardangervidda, Hallingskarvet, Knutshø og Forelhogna) som representerer høg-og lågtetthetsstammer, med en 5-foldig forskjell i gjennomsnittlig lavbeite-tilgang om vinteren. Fosterveksten ble nedsatt med 42% i høgtetthetsstammen på Hardangervidda og fødselsvektene var i gjennomsnitt 3,7 kg, mot 6,2 kg i det beste området, og med en 10 dagers forsinkelse i midlere fødselsdato. Fosterets størrelse var korrelert med morens vekt, som igjen var avhengig av hennes alder. Hos de minste simlene i det dårligste området økte vektene til 5-års alder, for deretter å avta for hvert gjenlevende år. Hos simlene i det beste området økte vektene til 10-års alder, og var da dobbelt så tunge som fra det dårligste området. 55% av avkommet døde før de var avvent med diing hos Hardangervidda-simlene, mens det ikke var noen statistisk målbar dødelighet hos kalvene i Knutshø-Forelhogna. Ybteenveto: Etelå-Norjan neljallå peura-alueella, jotka ovat Hardangervidda, Hallingskarvet, Knutsho ja Forelhogna, tutkittiin porosikion kasvua ja syntymåpainoja. Alueet edustavat ylintå ja alinta tiheyskantaa ja loytyy 5-kertainen eroavaisuus keskimåarin jåkålålaiduntaan talvisaikaan. Sikion kasvu aleni 42% ylemmåsså tiheyskannassa Hardangervidda-alueella ja syntymåpainot olivat keskimåarin 3,7 kg mutta 6,2 kg parhaimmalla alueella, ja 10 påivån myohastyminen keskimååråisesta syntymåpåivayksestå. Sikion suuruus oli vastaavuussuhteessa emon painoon, joka oli taas riippuvainen sen iåstå. Huonoimmalla alueella pieninpien naaraiden painot lisåantyivåt 5-ikåvuoteen asti, vahetåkseen sen jålkeen jokaista jåljellåolevaa elovuotta kohden. Parhaimmalla alueella naaraiden painot lisåantyivåt 10-ikåvuoteen asti, ja oli silloin kaksi kertaa niin raskaita kuin huonoimman alueen naarasporot. 55% jålkelåisistå kuoli ennenkuin ne olivat vierottuneet Hardangervidda-naarasporoista. Sitåvastoin ei ollut mitåån tilastollisesti mitattavissa olevaa Knutsho -Forelhogna-alueiden vasaku...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of food and maternal conditions in fetal growth and size in wild reindeer

Skogland

1984

Ran

108

118

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“…Nutritional demands of pregnant females increase throughout gestation, with most fetal growth (.90%) occurring during the last one-third of gestation (Moen 1978, Robbins and Robbins 1979, Pekins et al 1998. Inadequate nutrition during gestation may result in fetal loss (Verme 1965), low birth weight and reduced probability of survival of young (Keech et al 2000, Lomas and, and life-long consequences on the physical characteristics and quality of the individual (Hamel et al 2009, Monteith et al 2009). Extended duration of confinement on a traditional winter range can lead to depletion of available browse resulting in increased competition for limited forage (Nicholson et al 2006).…”

Section: Spring Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing of seasonal migration in mule deer: effects of climate, plant phenology, and life-history characteristics

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Phenological events of plants and animals are sensitive to climatic processes. Migration is a life-history event exhibited by most large herbivores living in seasonal environments, and is thought to occur in response to dynamics of forage and weather. Decisions regarding when to migrate, however, may be affected by differences in life-history characteristics of individuals. Long-term and intensive study of a population of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, allowed us to document patterns of migration during 11 years that encompassed a wide array of environmental conditions. We used two new techniques to properly account for interval-censored data and disentangle effects of broad-scale climate, local weather patterns, and plant phenology on seasonal patterns of migration, while incorporating effects of individual life-history characteristics. Timing of autumn migration varied substantially among individual deer, but was associated with the severity of winter weather, and in particular, snow depth and cold temperatures. Migratory responses to winter weather, however, were affected by age, nutritional condition, and summer residency of individual females. Old females and those in good nutritional condition risked encountering severe weather by delaying autumn migration, and were thus risk-prone with respect to the potential loss of foraging opportunities in deep snow compared with young females and those in poor nutritional condition. Females that summered on the west side of the crest of the Sierra Nevada delayed autumn migration relative to east-side females, which supports the influence of the local environment on timing of migration. In contrast, timing of spring migration was unrelated to individual life-history characteristics, was nearly twice as synchronous as autumn migration, differed among years, was related to the southern oscillation index, and was influenced by absolute snow depth and advancing phenology of plants. Plasticity in timing of migration in response to climatic conditions and plant phenology may be an adaptive behavioral strategy, which should reduce the detrimental effects of trophic mismatches between resources and other life-history events of large herbivores. Failure to consider effects of nutrition and other life-history traits may cloud interpretation of phenological patterns of mammals and conceal relationships associated with climate change.

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“…In poor environments leading to substandard nutritional conditions, both fetal growth rates and birth weights are restricted [6,48,49]. Consequently, estimating fetal age by fetal weight needs to take it into account that the birth weight might be different dependent on the nutritional status of the population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal Age Estimation of Hokkaido Sika Deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) Using Ultrasonography During Early Pregnancy

Yanagawa

Matsuura

Suzuki

et al. 2009

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract. In sika deer, the normal method of estimating fetal age, based on fetal weight, is not applicable during the early pregnancy period. The objective of the present study was to describe the growth and development of sika deer fetuses and to establish a method for fetal age estimation during early pregnancy using ultrasonography. Five captive female Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were observed for estrus and mated (day 0) with an intact male. At two-or three-day intervals, fetuses were observed by rectal ultrasonographic scans until 59-61 days of gestation. The straight crown-rump length (SCRL), curved crown-rump length (CCRL), head length (HL), trunk depth (TD) and heart rate (HR) of the fetuses were measured. Linear regression equations were computed for each measurement together with fetal age. Analyses were conducted after transformation to a natural logarithm for SCRL and CCRL. All equations were significant (P<0.001), with SCRL becoming measurable earlier (day 20) than the others and yielding the best correlation (Days= -2.08+14.15 LnX: X=SCRL, Ln=natural logarithm). Therefore, we concluded that a precise estimation of fetal age in early gestation is best performed using SCRL measurements. Key words: Fetal age estimation, Fetal development, Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis), Ultrasonography (J. Reprod. Dev. 55: [143][144][145][146][147][148] 2009) easonal breeding is a common feature among cervid species in temperate regions. As they are short-day breeders, they mate in autumn [1,2] and fawn in early summer [3] in Japan. However, a previous study [4] indicated that conception is delayed in young and old females and that lactating adults are likely to conceive later than non-lactating adults. It is also known that delayed conception results in delayed fawning [2]. Delayed fawning negatively influences calf survival and the female's reproductive success since it is difficult for a fawn born late to attain a sufficient nutritional condition to survive the winter due to food limitations and females that deliver late sometimes fail to conceive in the following mating season [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Furthermore, conception may be influenced by the conditions of the population and habitat since conception delayed in females in poor nutritional condition [11] resulting from poor food resources. Therefore, precise estimation of the conception date allows estimation of the population and habitat quality for this species. It also advances the physiological researches by using both live animals and carcasses obtained in the wild.In free-ranging animals, including cervid species, it is impossible to pinpoint exact conception dates by field observations alone. Therefore, they are typically determined by using fetal age, which is normally estimated by fetal weight in animals such as red deer (Cervus elaphus) [12], fallow deer (Dama dama) [13,14] and various other mammals [15]. Likewise, an equation is also available for estimation of fetal age from fetal body weight in Hokkaido sika deer (C...

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Reproduction Studies on Penned White-Tailed Deer

Cited by 175 publications

References 4 publications

The effects of food and maternal conditions in fetal growth and size in wild reindeer

The effects of food and maternal conditions in fetal growth and size in wild reindeer

Timing of seasonal migration in mule deer: effects of climate, plant phenology, and life-history characteristics

Fetal Age Estimation of Hokkaido Sika Deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) Using Ultrasonography During Early Pregnancy

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