Reproductive and Child Health Inequities in Chandigarh Union Territory of India

Gupta, Madhu; Thakur, Jarnail Singh; Kumar, Rajesh

doi:10.1007/s11524-007-9250-y

Cited by 36 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…A household survey from Chandigarh Union Territory comparing coverage of maternal health care showed that among the women studied, only 32% of the women living in urban-slum areas had an institutional delivery, compared to 93% of the non-slum urban women, and 79% of the women living in rural areas (14). The average maternal expenditure varies between geographical areas and between providers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequity in India: the case of maternal and reproductive health

Sanneving

Trygg

Saxena

et al. 2013

Global Health Action

147

111

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BackgroundMillennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 is focused on reducing maternal mortality and achieving universal access to reproductive health care. India has made extensive efforts to achieve MDG 5 and in some regions much progress has been achieved. Progress has been uneven and inequitable however, and many women still lack access to maternal and reproductive health care.ObjectiveIn this review, a framework developed by the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) is used to categorize and explain determinants of inequity in maternal and reproductive health in India.DesignA review of peer-reviewed, published literature was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed and Popline. The search was performed using a carefully developed list of search terms designed to capture published papers from India on: 1) maternal and reproductive health, and 2) equity, including disadvantaged populations. A matrix was developed to sort the relevant information, which was extracted and categorized based on the CSDH framework. In this way, the main sources of inequity in maternal and reproductive health in India and their inter-relationships were determined.ResultsFive main structural determinants emerged from the analysis as important in understanding equity in India: economic status, gender, education, social status (registered caste or tribe), and age (adolescents). These five determinants were found to be closely interrelated, a feature which was reflected in the literature.ConclusionIn India, economic status, gender, and social status are all closely interrelated when influencing use of and access to maternal and reproductive health care. Appropriate attention should be given to how these social determinants interplay in generating and sustaining inequity when designing policies and programs to reach equitable progress toward improved maternal and reproductive health.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequity in India: the case of maternal and reproductive health

Sanneving

Trygg

Saxena

et al. 2013

Global Health Action

147

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…24 Another study from India also indicated the poor utilization of maternal healthcare services in urban slums. 25 Even in some cases, women living in slum communities have less access and utilization of healthcare services than people of the rural areas [26][27][28] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-urban Differentials in the Utilization of Reproductive Healthcare in India, 1992–2006

Kumar

Mohanty

2011

J Urban Health

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This paper examines trends in three reproductive healthcare indicators- namely, antenatal care, medical assistance at delivery, and contraceptive use among the urban poor and non-poor in India using data from the National Family Health Surveys, 1992-1993 and 2005-2006. The urban poor and non-poor are derived from composite wealth indices based on a set of economic proxies. Results indicate that the estimates of poor and non-poor are reliable. During the last 14 years, the service coverage in all three indicators has increased in the country, among both the urban poor and non-poor. However, the utilization of reproductive health services is concentrated among the urban non-poor cutting across the states, with the exception of Kerala. While the non-poor/poor gap in antenatal care and medical assistance at delivery remained large over the years, the gap in contraceptive use has narrowed down cutting across states. After adjusting for other confounders, household poverty was found to be a significant barrier in the utilization of reproductive healthcare services across the states. It has been observed that the utilization of reproductive healthcare services followed a continuum of rural total, urban poor, and urban non-poor.

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“…6 Recent research in Chandigarh that used primary data collected in 2006 showed that immunization status of children younger than 5 years was poorer in slum areas than in the rural and urban areas. 7 In contrast, a 2005---2006 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) report suggested that slum residents were not necessarily worse off than nonslum residents on several deprivation dimensions including poor health. 8 These studies have used prevalence rates of all illnesses, morbidity rates, incidence of hospitalization, and other health indicators as various proxies of health status.…”

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confidence: 99%

Slums and Malnourishment: Evidence From Women in India

Swaminathan

Mukherji²

2012

Am J Public Health

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More than 50% of the world population was classified as urban for the first time in 2009 and is expected to reach around 69% in 2050. 1 The proportion of the urban population in the developing world is expected to increase from 45% to 66% during the same period. One of the immediate consequences of population pressure in urban spaces is the growth of slums or urban communities that are characterized by poor access to civic services, inadequate housing, and overcrowding.2 It has been estimated that slum populations would double before 2035 in the low-and middle-income countries. 3One of the main concerns regarding the growth of slum populations is that the living conditions of the slum dwellers could become a public health issue. The attention gained by the relation between poor health outcomes and living conditions is neither new nor restricted to the developing world. As early as the 19th century, the Public Health Acts of Britain aimed to improve water systems and sanitation facilities in slums.2 This was also true of other developed countries-notably, France and the United States-which attempted to regulate residential dwellings to contain the spread of disease among other things. Although the pace of urbanization in India historically has been slow, it is increasing rapidly. India's urban population grew by about 230 million between 1971 and 2008, and it is estimated that 250 million more will swell the urban population within the next 2 decades. 4 This urban growth has led to a population explosion in cities, and India boasts of 2 cities with a population of at least 10 million (Delhi and Mumbai). Literature from the developing world suggests that both communicable and noncommunicable diseases are a major concern for urban populations, particularly the slum populations. Already malnourished slum dwellers may experience additional stress because of overcrowding and poor living conditions and are more likely to have poor health outcomes. However, India-specific research findings paint a mixed picture. A study on urban slums in Maharashtra in 1999 indicated that women living in slums were more disadvantaged with respect to antenatal care than were women not living in slums. 5 This was reaffirmed by another study that compared the health status of poor populations in slums and in resettlement colonies in Delhi and Chennai and found that slum dwellers had worse health outcomes than those in resettlement colonies. rates of all illnesses, morbidity rates, incidence of hospitalization, and other health indicators as various proxies of health status. Our study examined the distribution of women's malnutrition in 8 cities across slum and nonslum populations. Malnutrition is a significant problem among Indian women. According to several studies that used the NFHS-3, only 52% of the women were within the normal weight range for a given height. 8,9 Following the World Health Organization, we defined malnutrition to include the dual burden of undernutrition and overnutrition. Until recently, attention has been exclusivel...

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Reproductive and Child Health Inequities in Chandigarh Union Territory of India

Cited by 36 publications

References 11 publications

Inequity in India: the case of maternal and reproductive health

Inequity in India: the case of maternal and reproductive health

Intra-urban Differentials in the Utilization of Reproductive Healthcare in India, 1992–2006

Slums and Malnourishment: Evidence From Women in India

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