Reproductive characteristics of the lobate ctenophore Bolinopsis mikado (Moser)

Ctenophores are direct developers that reproduce continuously beginning very early after hatching

“…Moreover, small-size spawning appears to be continuous with, and physiologically indistinguishable from, spawning at larger sizes. Our bootstrap simulations agree with prior work that clutch size generally scales with parental body size, consistent with the observation that body size determines ∼20% of the egg production rate in larger M. leidyi ( 46 ). However, in contrast to prior reports of small-size spawning, we show clearly that there is no stereotyped pause in spawning in the previously reported size range.…”

“…( 22 ). Pink boxes containing a genus name indicate a branch with one or more species that have been shown to reproduce at a small size (∼0.5 to 1 mm) ( 16 , 19 , 20 , 46 ); the pink circle indicates the most recent common ancestor of these taxa. Green bars indicate lineages with at least some species exhibiting morphologies other than cydippid at some developmental stage, as reconstructed in Whelan et al.…”

Influence of jellyfish blooms on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and plankton production

“…Dotted line represents average C:N for dataset (4.5 ± 1.1 SD, see text for further detail). C:N values are calculated from Kremer (1977Kremer ( , 2005, Ceccaldi et al (1978), Reeve et al (1978), Hoeger (1983), Purcell & Kremer (1983), Shenker (1985), Larson (1986), Lutcavage & Lutz (1986), Kremer et al (1986), Gorsky et al (1988), Schneider (1988, Youngbluth et al (1988), Malej (1989), Clarke et al (1992), Nemazie et al (1993), Bailey et al (1994aBailey et al ( , b, 1995, Kasuya et al (2000), Kinoshita et al (2000), Yousefian & Kideys (2003) and Uye & Shimauchi (2005). n = sample size of data used in analyses Acknowledgements We thank P. Kremer and an anonymous reviewer who provided valuable feedback on the manuscript.…”

Carbon content of Mnemiopsis leidyi eggs and specific egg production rates in northern Europe

“…Mnemiopsis leidyi eggs have 37% of the volume of B. mikado eggs; however, the volumespecific carbon and nitrogen concentrations are similar with 1 and 1.2 times of the B. mikado carbon and nitrogen content, respectively. The commonly used carbon value for M. leidyi of 0.1 mg C egg 21 (Reeve et al, 1989) is thus a factor 2.2 less than expected if compared with the measured carbon content of B. mikado eggs (Kasuya et al, 2008). Reeve et al (Reeve et al, 1989) estimated the carbon content from the assumption that the DW of eggs is 0.5 mg and used extrapolations of carbon measurements of .1.1-mm-sized larvae to estimate egg carbon using a carbon ratio to DW of 20%.…”

“…Since no direct measurements of eggs are available, estimates of carbon contents used for carbon and energy budgets of M. leidyi vary by a factor of 21. The only direct carbon measurement of ctenophore eggs available is 0.56 mg C egg 21 for 200 mm larger Bolinopsis mikado eggs (Kasuya et al, 2008). Mnemiopsis leidyi eggs have 37% of the volume of B. mikado eggs; however, the volumespecific carbon and nitrogen concentrations are similar with 1 and 1.2 times of the B. mikado carbon and nitrogen content, respectively.…”