Reproductive isolation between populations from Northern and Central Europe of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica L.

Fatouros, Nina E.; Hilker, Monika; Gross, Jürgen

doi:10.1007/s00049-006-0359-3

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…These are possible olfactory ligands that can be used by C. lapponica beetles to discriminate between the two different host plant species. The similarity in volatile composition and the fact that both willows and birches occur frequently together in the same habitat (Fatouros, Hilker, & Gross, ; Gross, Fatouros, & Hilker, ) may have favored initial host plant shift from Salicaceae to Betulaceae accompanied by the change in the expression of chemosensory genes. Thus, when comparing the volatile composition of the host plants, it seems reasonable to assume that C. lapponica shifted host to a chemically similar plant species—via an “olfactory bridge”.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A subset of chemosensory genes differs between two populations of a specialized leaf beetle after host plant shift

Wang

Pentzold

Kunert

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Due to its fundamental role in shaping host selection behavior, we have analyzed the chemosensory repertoire of Chrysomela lapponica. This specialized leaf beetle evolved distinct populations which shifted from the ancestral host plant, willow (Salix sp., Salicaceae), to birch (Betula rotundifolia, Betulaceae). We identified 114 chemosensory candidate genes in adult C. lapponica: 41 olfactory receptors (ORs), eight gustatory receptors, 17 ionotropic receptors, four sensory neuron membrane proteins, 32 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), and 12 chemosensory proteins (CSP) by RNA‐seq. Differential expression analyses in the antennae revealed significant upregulation of one minus‐C OBP (Clap OBP27) and one CSP (Clap CSP12) in the willow feeders. In contrast, one OR (Clap OR17), four minus‐C OBPs (Clap OBP02, 07, 13, 20), and one plus‐C OBP (Clap OBP32) were significantly upregulated in birch feeders. The differential expression pattern in the legs was more complex. To narrow down putative ligands acting as cues for host discrimination, the relative abundance and diversity of volatiles of the two host plant species were analyzed. In addition to salicylaldehyde (willow‐specific), both plant species differed mainly in their emission rate of terpenoids such as (E,E)‐α‐farnesene (high in willow) or 4,8‐dimethylnona‐1,3,7‐triene (high in birch). Qualitatively, the volatiles were similar between willow and birch leaves constituting an “olfactory bridge” for the beetles. Subsequent structural modeling of the three most differentially expressed OBPs and docking studies using 22 host volatiles indicated that ligands bind with varying affinity. We suggest that the evolution of particularly minus‐C OBPs and ORs in C. lapponica facilitated its host plant shift via chemosensation of the phytochemicals from birch as novel host plant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A subset of chemosensory genes differs between two populations of a specialized leaf beetle after host plant shift

Wang

Pentzold

Kunert

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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“…The many previous comparisons of closely related phytophagous insect species and their host affiliation provide insight into the evolutionary history of host plant specialization/host shift and its impact on speciation (25,(39)(40)(41); in addition, some examples have compared different host affiliations within a species (42,43). However, very little is known about the consequences of host shift for specific biochemical pathways and the underlying genetic background that is directly linked to host plant adaptation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most interestingly, by investigating secretory compounds of crosses between willow-feeding and birch-feeding individuals of C. lapponica, SAO activity can be reestablished (43). Although no speciation in progress could be identified by comparing the genetic distances among different European populations (28), the high reproductive isolation (43), population-specific host plant specialization and adaptation (30), and host-specific oviposition behavior (44), along with our results reported here, make ongoing speciation processes in C. lapponica caused by host plant shift likely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host plant shifts affect a major defense enzyme inChrysomela lapponica

Kirsch

Vogel

Muck

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Chrysomelid leaf beetles use chemical defenses to overcome predatory attack and microbial infestation. Larvae of Chrysomela lapponica that feed on willow sequester plant-derived salicin and other leaf alcohol glucosides, which are modified in their defensive glands to bioactive compounds. Salicin is converted into salicylaldehyde by a consecutive action of a β-glucosidase and salicyl alcohol oxidase (SAO). The other leaf alcohol glucosides are not oxidized, but are deglucosylated and esterified with isobutyricand 2-methylbutyric acid. Like some other closely related Chrysomela species, certain populations of C. lapponica shift host plants from willow to salicin-free birch. The only striking difference between willow feeders and birch feeders in terms of chemical defense is the lack of salicylaldehyde formation. To clarify the impact of host plant shifts on SAO activity, we identified and compared this enzyme by cloning, expression, and functional testing in a willow-feeding and birch-feeding population of C. lapponica. Although the birch feeders still demonstrated defensive glandspecific expression, their SAO mRNA levels were 1,000-fold lower, and the SAO enzyme was nonfunctional. Obviously, the loss of catalytic function of the SAO of birch-adapted larvae is fixed at the transcriptional, translational, and enzyme levels, thus avoiding costly expression of a highly abundant protein that is not required in the birch feeders.host plant adaptation | glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase M ost phytophagous insects are specialized to a restricted set of host plant species (1-4). Host affiliation/specialization has been shown to be influenced by geographical, genetic, biophysical, and ecological enforcements (3, 5). But the most important barriers are toxic metabolites of the host plant (6-8), which all phytophagous insects must overcome by developing appropriate detoxification mechanisms. Adapting to plant-specific chemicals provides insects with a niche that allows them to survive, but narrows the range within which host plant shifts can occur, including only plants with similar metabolite patterns.Chrysomelina leaf beetles are an excellent taxon for investigating host plant adaptation and relevant factors associated with host plant shifts. Most leaf beetle species are highly specialized on a single plant genus, where they spend their whole life cycle. Their well-defended larvae exhibit different degrees of dependence on the host plant's secondary metabolites (9-13).

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“…Three main possible selection factors have been investigated so far: (1) the inXuence of abiotic factors like irradiation and temperature (Gross et al 2004c), (2) bottom-up eVects which inXuence the performance of the beetles directly, like the diVerent host plants (Gross et al 2004a;Zvereva and Rank 2003), or indirect bottom up eVects inXuencing the larval defensive abilities (Gross et al 2002;Pasteels et al 1983;Schulz et al 1997), and (3) top down eVects by predators, parasitoids and entomopathogens (Gross et al 2004b;Zvereva and Rank 2004). Further, crossing experiments were conducted, showing reproductive isolation between the birch and willow-specialised populations of C. lapponica (Fatouros et al 2006). Summarising the results of all these studies and the results presented here, we suggest that the host plant shift of the ancestors of the Central European populations of C. lapponica from willow to birch was not selected by interspeciWc competition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of competitors for Chrysomela lapponica, a north Eurasian willow pest, in pioneering a new host plant

Gross

Fatouros

Neuvonen³

et al. 2007

J Pest Sci

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The Palaearctic leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica usually feeds upon willows in the northern region of its occurrence. However, in Central Europe, some populations are known that have specialised on birch. In this study, we investigated the signiWcance of other herbivores occurring together on the same host plants as possible exploitative competitors of C. lapponica. Two populations were studied: a population from Finland specialised on the willow Salix borealis, and a population from the Czech Republic, specialised on the birch Betula pubescens. Abundances of folivorous and suctivorous insects on both host plants were recorded at both population sites. The willow leaf beetle Phratora vitellinae was the most abundant herbivorous insect at both study sites on willow. A Weld study was conducted to examine the eVects of P. vitellinae on the performance of C. lapponica. The presence of P. vitellinae larvae on the same twig upon which C. lapponica larvae were feeding did not aVect increase of body weight in C. lapponica larvae. Thus, the high resource availability of both willows and birches suggest that interspeciWc competition is unlikely to be a selection factor driving the evolution of host shift in C. lapponica.

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Reproductive isolation between populations from Northern and Central Europe of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica L.

Cited by 11 publications

References 60 publications

A subset of chemosensory genes differs between two populations of a specialized leaf beetle after host plant shift

A subset of chemosensory genes differs between two populations of a specialized leaf beetle after host plant shift

Host plant shifts affect a major defense enzyme inChrysomela lapponica

The role of competitors for Chrysomela lapponica, a north Eurasian willow pest, in pioneering a new host plant

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