Reproductive parameters of female orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) 1971–2011, a 40-year study at Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Galdikas, Biruté M. F.; Ashbury, Alison M.

doi:10.1007/s10329-012-0331-5

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…Given the size and scale of the reintroduction programme, however, Rani and Siswoyo may simply prove the tip of the iceberg. Galdikas estimates that, of the 90 orang-utans she reintroduced to Camp Leakey, at least 80 were probably alive by the time the programme there ceased, although a number had disappeared into the forest 45 . These include two males and one female that were confiscated from the same owner as Siswoyo, though acquired by him at different times and thus potentially from different sources.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of all these reintroductions — including those by Galdikas — few records are published or publicly available to specify the exact number of animals released, or when or where those releases occurred. Few attempts have been made to document their outcomes 45 56 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1971, however – when Galdikas and Brindamour established their pioneering research and reintroduction site, Camp Leakey, in Tanjung Puting National Park – all orang-utans were classified as a single species, P. pygmaeus . Over 14 years, Galdikas and Brindamour rehabilitated and released more than 90 ex-captive or displaced orang-utans into the wild at Camp Leakey, on the southernmost promontory of Central Kalimantan 44 45 . Most were confiscated from illegal captivity in the pet trade.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reintroduction of confiscated and displaced mammals risks outbreeding and introgression in natural populations, as evidenced by orang-utans of divergent subspecies

Banes

Galdikas

Vigilant

2016

Sci Rep

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Confiscated and displaced mammals are often taken to sanctuaries, where the explicit goal may be reintroduction to the wild. By inadvertently collecting animals from different source populations, however, such efforts risk reintroducing individuals that have not been in genetic contact for significant periods of time. Using genetic analyses and 44 years of data from Camp Leakey, an orang-utan rehabilitation site on Borneo, we determined the minimum extent to which orang-utans representing non-native, geographically and reproductively isolated taxa were reintroduced into the surrounding wild population. We found two reintroduced females were from a non-native subspecies, and have since produced at least 22 hybridized and introgressed descendants to date, of which at least 15 are living. Given that Bornean orang-utan subspecies are thought to have diverged from a common ancestor around 176,000 years ago, with marked differentiation over the last 80,000 years, we highlight the need for further evaluation of the effects of hybridizing orang-utans of different taxa — particularly in light of the ~1500 displaced orang-utans awaiting urgent reintroduction. As endangered mammals are increasing in number in sanctuaries worldwide, we stress the need for re-examination of historical reintroductions, to assess the extent and effects of de facto translocations in the past.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reintroduction of confiscated and displaced mammals risks outbreeding and introgression in natural populations, as evidenced by orang-utans of divergent subspecies

Banes

Galdikas

Vigilant

2016

Sci Rep

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“…2). At least 90 excaptive and displaced orang-utans of near-equal sex ratio were released there from 1971 until 1985 (Yeager 1997;Galdikas and Ashbury 2013), complementing a wild population of around 6000 individuals (Singleton et al 2004). The number of orang-utans living in the study area, and thus comprising the study population, cannot be practically quantified over the long term: Inevitably, the population demographics have fluctuated over the site's 43-year history.…”

Section: Study Site and Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male orang-utan bimaturism and reproductive success at Camp Leakey in Tanjung Puting National Park, Indonesia

Banes

Galdikas

Vigilant

2015

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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Unlike most mammals, male orang-utans exhibit bimaturism, in that mature individuals express one of two distinct morphological forms. Socially subordinate, 'unflanged' males are comparable to females in their size and facial morphology, while socially dominant 'flanged' males exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism and secondary sexual characteristics, primarily in the form of cheek pads ('flanges'). Although male ornaments in other species are often phenotypically plastic, such characteristics in orang-utans are irreversible-and, given that both morphs are sexually mature and can father offspring-their adaptive significance remains unclear. We determined paternity of orang-utans at Camp Leakey in Tanjung Puting National Park, within the home range of one long-term dominant male, Kusasi, before, during and after his period of dominance, in comparison with subordinate male conspecifics. We found that Kusasi fathered substantially more offspring conceived during his dominant period than any other male and that socially subordinate, unflanged males only fathered offspring during periods of rank instability. We conclude that orang-utan male bimaturism is consistent with an evolutionarily stable reproductive strategy and that reproduction within the range of a dominant, flanged male is highly skewed in his favour, while unflanged males may largely wait for reproductive opportunities.

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“…However, to date, limited studies have explored people's knowledge, attitudes and behaviours (i.e., conservation learning) about this critically endangered species. Research about orangutans has been directed to biological aspects such as behaviour (Call & Tomasello, 1994;Cartmill & Byrne, 2007), reproduction (Galdikas & Ashbury, 2013;Maggioncalda, Sapolsky, & Czekala, 1999), and genetics (Caeiro, Waller, Zimmermann et al, 2013).…”

Section: Problem Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing and evaluating the impact of an interpretive booklet on local and international visitors’ conservation learning at Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre

Bidin¹

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This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and support from my supervisory committee, Dr. Karen Hughes and Professor Roy Ballantyne. To my main supervisor, Karen, I thank you from the bottom of my heart for her time, advice, guidance and encouragement all the way through.-Power ON‖ and-Keep Going!‖ were your mantra that got me to the finish line. To Roy, thank you for your guidance and for always reminding that research is about making a real difference. Thank you for your famous-so what‖ question that inspired many of your students, including me. I am grateful for the opportunity to embark on this PhD journey. It would not be possible without the funding provided by University Putra Malaysia and the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia. I thank you also to the UQ Business School and the Graduate School for their support during my final year. Thank you to Tourism Cluster academics who have provided valuable feedbacks for my thesis. Assoc. Prof Dr. Jan Packer provided detailed feedbacks for my final thesis review document. Dr Gabby Walters and Dr Lisa Ruhanen reviewed and gave feedbacks for my confirmation document. I also thank EPU and Sabah Wildlife Department for approval to conduct my study, as well as to the Sepilok staff for sharing their experiences with the orangutans. Big thanks to the academics and individuals who responded to my emails, giving me valuable advice and materials for reference, and sharing images for me to use in my study. This PhD would not be completed without the enduring love and support of my family and friends. To my number one cheerleader, my mother, Glynis, who have stuck with me for 3 ½ years in Brisbane, you have willingly cared for your grandchildren with so much love while I was busy completing my studies. Thank you for instilling that strong will inside of me and for always believing in me. To my wonderful husband, Alsraf, who have made huge sacrifices for my PhD, I thank you for your patience and endless love. To my sisters, Farah and Effy, Thank you for always listening to my rants and my-out-of-the-blue‖ outbursts. To my dad and my in-laws, I thank you for your endless prayers from far. To my PhD colleagues and friends near and far, thank you for being good friends who is always ready to lend a hand and an ear. It is always nice to know that I am surrounded by wonderful and kind-hearted friends. Last but not least, to my children, Akeef and Hanna, Thank you for teaching me excellent time-management skills, multitasking skills, and to have faith and patience when everything seems to fall apart. Most of all, thank you for all the warm hugs and kisses that made all the sacrifices worthwhile. It's a wonder how little children can give so much joy and happiness. This has been a wonderful experience. I am one happy PhD hustle mama!

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Reproductive parameters of female orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) 1971–2011, a 40-year study at Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

Reintroduction of confiscated and displaced mammals risks outbreeding and introgression in natural populations, as evidenced by orang-utans of divergent subspecies

Reintroduction of confiscated and displaced mammals risks outbreeding and introgression in natural populations, as evidenced by orang-utans of divergent subspecies

Male orang-utan bimaturism and reproductive success at Camp Leakey in Tanjung Puting National Park, Indonesia

Developing and evaluating the impact of an interpretive booklet on local and international visitors’ conservation learning at Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre

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