Reproductive Strategies of Trachypithecus pileatus in Arunachal Pradesh, India

Solanki, G. S.; Kumar, Awadhesh; Sharma, B. K.

doi:10.1007/s10764-007-9204-y

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The white-headed langurs normally begin to reproduce at an age of 5-6 years, and give birth approximately every 2 years. This is similar to captive and wild groups of other Asian colobines such as Rhinopithecus species [Cui et al, 2006;Qi et al, 2007], T. pileatus [Solanki et al, 2007;Stanford, 1991], T. vetulus in Polonnawura [Rudran, 1973] and some wild populations of S. entellus [Sommer et al, 1992]. Nutrition is considered an important factor influencing certain life history traits such as age at first birth, lactation period, and IBI.…”

Section: Ibi and Age At First Birthsupporting

confidence: 68%

Reproductive parameters of wild Trachypithecus leucocephalus: seasonality, infant mortality and interbirth interval

Jin

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2009

American J Primatol

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Understanding the reproductive parameters of endangered primate species is vital for evaluating the status of populations and developing adequate conservation measures. This study provides the first detailed analysis of the reproductive parameters of wild white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus), based on demographic data collected over an 8-year period in the Nongguan Karst Hills in Chongzuo County, Guangxi, China. From 1998 to 2002, a total of 133 live births were recorded in the population based on systematic censuses. Births occurred throughout the year, but the temporal pattern was highly correlated with seasonal variation in temperature and rainfall, with the birth peak coinciding with the dry and cold months of November-March. The average birthrate was 0.47+/-0.13 births per female per year and mortality for infants younger than 20 months was 15.8%. From 1998 to 2006, 14 females gave birth to 41 infants in four focal groups. The average age at first birth for female langurs was 5-6 years (n = 5) and the interbirth interval (IBI) was 23.2+/-5.2 months (median = 24.5 months, n = 27). Infants are weaned at 19-21 months of age. The IBI for females with infant loss before weaning was significantly shorter than those for females whose infants survived. It appears that birth seasonality in the white-headed langurs is influenced by seasonal changes in food availability. The timing of conceptions was found to coincide with peak food availability. The reproductive parameters for white-headed langurs reported here are quite similar to those reported for other colobine species. One major difference is our observation of lower infant mortality in Trachypithecus.

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Section: Ibi and Age At First Birthsupporting

confidence: 68%

Reproductive parameters of wild Trachypithecus leucocephalus: seasonality, infant mortality and interbirth interval

Jin

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2009

American J Primatol

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“…The same pattern has, for instance, been described for Hanuman langurs at Ramnagar where conceptions followed after the 3‐month long lush season during which female physical condition improved markedly [Koenig & Borries, 2001; Koenig et al, 1997]. Births at Ramnagar were, however, restricted to 6 months of the year similar to another Asian colobine species, the capped langur [Solanki et al, 2007; Stanford, 1991]. In contrast, red‐shanked douc langurs seem to be less seasonally restricted because despite a significant peak, births may occur year‐round.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Seasonality of group size, feeding, and breeding in wild red‐shanked douc langurs (Lao PDR)

Phiapalath

Borries

Suwanwaree

2011

American J Primatol

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In Asian colobines, small one-male groups (OMG) seem to predominate alongside all-male groups (AMG), while larger multimale groups (MMG) are rare, but are reported for Hanuman langurs and red-shanked douc langurs. Recently, however, it has been speculated that the genus Pygathrix could have multilevel societies based on (1) a theoretical extension of the multilevel societies found in Rhinopithecus to all odd-nosed colobines and (2) first data for black-shanked douc langurs. This assumes bands composed of small OMG with a skewed adult sex ratio. Band size may vary with seasonal food availability resulting in smaller bands when feeding competition is increased. To investigate the social organization of red-shanked douc langurs and potential seasonal influences, we observed 2 unhabituated groups at Hin Namno National Protected Area, Lao PDR from March 2007 to August 2008 for 803 hr. We recorded births and performed group counts and scan sampling of feeding behavior. Most births (79% of N = 15) occurred from June-September, indicating a 4-month peak conception season from November to February. Group size averaged 24.5 individuals (range 17-45) with 2.45 adult males (range 1-4). Although the smaller group remained at a stable size (about 18 individuals), the larger group reduced from about 45 to 25 individuals during the 7-months long lean season, when less than 50% of the feeding time was spent on fruits. This suggests feeding competition as a potential cause of seasonal variation in group size. With 1.9 females per male the skew in adult sex ratio was much lower compared with Rhinopithecus, indicating MMG rather than multilevel societies. However, data on the spacing and interaction patterns between recognized individuals need to be collected and analyzed before the social organization can be determined. Detailed ecological data are furthermore required to investigate the basis for the seasonal changes in group size found.

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“…Solanki et al (2007) conducted a study on breeding activities of capped langurs and related the months of intensive feeding of flowers, fruits, and seeds ( Fig. 1) with the period when they reproduce, which may be energy demanding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding Ecology of Trachypithecus pileatus in India

2008

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We observed a group of capped langurs for 12 mo in the Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India. We recorded the time of feeding on different food plant species, food categories, and the feeding heights of monkeys in trees. Capped langurs spent 68% of their feeding time on leaves, 16% on flowers, and 16% on fruits. Feeding on leaves was consistently high (p<0.01) during the year, with the highest feeding in May (85%) and the lowest in January (47%). The seasonal difference in feeding on leaves is significant (p<0.05): it was higher in summer and during monsoon. The feeding time on flowers was maximal (35%) in March and that on fruits and seeds was minimal (38%) in January. Langurs ate 52 plant species throughout the year. The largest number of plants (6) were species of Moraceae, and langurs spent more feeding time (20%) on them alone. The number of plants eaten per month varied significantly (p<0.05). Langurs ate Gmelina arborea, Albizzia lucida, Ficus glomereta, and Makania micrantha throughout the year. They spent 44% of their feeding time in terminal canopies and their average feeding height was 30-35 m. This is the first study to examine the feeding ecology of capped langurs and provides baseline data for the species.

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Reproductive Strategies of Trachypithecus pileatus in Arunachal Pradesh, India

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

Reproductive parameters of wild Trachypithecus leucocephalus: seasonality, infant mortality and interbirth interval

Reproductive parameters of wild Trachypithecus leucocephalus: seasonality, infant mortality and interbirth interval

Seasonality of group size, feeding, and breeding in wild red‐shanked douc langurs (Lao PDR)

Feeding Ecology of Trachypithecus pileatus in India

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