Reproductive Success of Elk Following Disturbance by Humans during Calving Season

Phillips, Gregory E.; Alldredge, A. W.

doi:10.2307/3803250

Cited by 97 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…3). Disturbance at a specific site also was identified and, as with roads, was usually associated with breeding or rearing young (Foppen andReijnen 1994, Phillips andAlldredge 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hayes et al (2002) reported that mortality of elk during hunting season increased when total road density increased. In addition, elk reproductive success has been shown to decrease following human disturbance to calving areas (Phillips and Alldredge 2000). Cole et al (1997) showed that road closures are successful in reducing the effects of habitat displacement and increasing elk survivorship.…”

Section: --------------Meters --------------mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, Millspaugh et al (2001) , Cassier et al 1992, Freddy et al 1986, Johnson et al 2000, Ward et al 1980. b Sources: Canfield et al 1999, Cassier et al 1992, Cole et al 1997, Creel et al 2002, Ferguson and Keith 1982, Johnson et al 2000, Lyon 1983, Millspaugh et al 2001, Phillips and Alldredge 2000, Roloff 1998, Roloff et al 2001, Rowland et al 2000, Schultz and Bailey 1978, Ward 1976, Ward et al 1980. c Sources: Canfield et al 1999Hicks and Elder 1979;King and Workman 1986;Leslie and Douglas 1980;MacArthur et al 1979MacArthur et al , 1982Papouchis et al 2001;Smith et al 1991.…”

Section: Hemionus) White-tailed Deer (O Virginianus) Elk (Cervus Ementioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the cumulative effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests.

Gaines¹,

Singleton²,

Ross³

2003

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We conducted a literature review to document the effects of linear recreation routes on focal wildlife species. We identified a variety of interactions between focal species and roads, motorized trails, and nonmotorized trails. We used the available science to develop simple geographic information system-based models to evaluate the cumulative effects of recreational routes on habitats for focal wildlife species for a portion of the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests in the state of Washington. This process yielded a basis for the consistent evaluation of the cumulative effects of roads and recreation trails on wildlife habitats, and identified information gaps for future research and monitoring. We suggest that managers use an adaptive management approach to address wildlife and recreation interactions because of the complexity and uncertainty of these issues.Keywords: Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests, linear recreation routes, focal wildlife species, cumulative effects. SummaryWe conducted a literature review to document the effects of linear recreation routes (roads, motorized trails, nonmotorized trails, designated and groomed ski and snowmobile routes) on wildlife and to assess the current level of human influences on focal wildlife species habitats on a portion of the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests in the state of Washington. The assessment consisted of seven steps: (1) identification of wildlife species and groups, ( 2) identification of focal species within each wildlife group, (3) identification of the road-and trail-associated factors for each focal species, (4) development of assessment processes and geographic information system (GIS) models to evaluate the influence of road-and trail-associated factors on focal species habitats, (5) application of the models to assess the current conditions of focal species habitats, (6) identification of information gaps, and (7) monitoring and adaptive management. Completion of this process yields a basis for the consistent evaluation of the cumulative effects of roads and recreation trails on wildlife habitats relative to the existing baseline conditions.We identified 238 articles on the effects of recreation trails, roads, and related subjects on wildlife. Of these, 183 articles were used to identify the interactions between roads and recreation trails and 29 focal wildlife species. These articles included technical publications, books, agency publications, theses, and dissertations.There is more science available to describe the interactions between focal wildlife species and roads than between focal species and recreation trails. Much of the research has been focused on wide-ranging carnivores and ungulates. Other lesser known species could benefit from additional research on the effects of roads, especially for less mobile species where roads may inhibit movements or fragment habitats. The most common reported interactions included displacement and avoidance where animals were reported as altering their use of habitats in response to road...

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“…3). Disturbance at a specific site also was identified and, as with roads, was usually associated with breeding or rearing young (Foppen andReijnen 1994, Phillips andAlldredge 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: --------------Meters --------------mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hemionus) White-tailed Deer (O Virginianus) Elk (Cervus Ementioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the cumulative effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests.

Gaines¹,

Singleton²,

Ross³

2003

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“…This brings with it the possibility of effects on the welfare and/or productivity of wildlife, in cases where disturbance alters behaviour patterns. Reduced calving rates in elk Cervus elaphus canadensis have been linked to human disturbance (Philips and Alldredge 2000), as have increased heart rates in sheep (MacArthur et al 1979(MacArthur et al , 1982 and birds (Weimerskirch et al 2002;Ackerman et al 2004;Ellenberg et al 2006) and increases in energy expenditure in a range of species (Speakman et al 1991;Staines and Scott 1994;Regel and Putz 1997;Stock and Hofeditz 1997;Wolfe et al 2000). Disturbance has also been shown to alter habitat use by wild ungulates (Gander and Ingold 1997;Jiang et al 2009;Jayakody 2005), with the potential for altering diet composition if the source of disturbance coincides with a particular habitat type.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of red deer (Cervus elaphus) to regular disturbance by hill walkers

et al. 2011

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Disturbance to wildlife from human recreational activities is increasing as remote areas become accessible to greater numbers of people. We used Global Positioning System tracking collars to monitor the movements of red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags (n=8) in a herd whose feeding grounds lie close to a popular walking track in the Highlands of Scotland. The track is used by around 20,000 walkers per year and is busiest in summer and at weekends. In a 2-year study, the locations of collared deer were recorded at 2-h intervals on typically busy days (Sundays: mean number of walkers=204) and quiet days (Wednesdays: mean number of walkers=49) during May and June. The deer were consistently further from the track on Sundays than Wednesdays (371 vs 286 m) and moved greater distances between fixes (365 vs 308 m). The amount of time spent (percentage of total fixes) in the small area of grassland closest to the track was lower on Sundays than Wednesdays (6% vs 13%). Although 97% of walkers use the track during the day (between 0800 and 2000 h), there was no evidence of compensatory use of grassland at night, when the deer moved to higher ground dominated by heather moorland. The results demonstrate that animals which appear to be habituated to regular disturbance within their home territory may nevertheless alter their behaviour and potentially diet composition, as a result of that disturbance.

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“…Thus, we were unable to conclude the fawn's fate, although we believe it was killed. We did not inspect the area until the following morning because our work required repeated observations of Elk in this meadow (Phillips and Alldredge 2000) and our disturbance would have compromised that work.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggressive Interactions of Rocky Mountain Elk, <em>Cervus elaphus nelsoni</em>, During the Calving Season Toward Mule Deer, <em>Odocoileus hemionus</em>, in Central Colorado

Stephens

Alldredge²,

Phillips

2003

Can Field Nat

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We documented four aggressive interactions between Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus elaphus) and Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) during the Elk calving season of June and July 1995. In one case, we believe a fawn Mule Deer was killed by two cow Elk. In the other three cases, Elk chased Mule Deer away from an area where they were grazing. These incidents are of interest because documentation of such interactions between Elk and Mule Deer is sparse in the scientific literature and because of the concern about declining Mule Deer populations throughout the western United States.

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Reproductive Success of Elk Following Disturbance by Humans during Calving Season

Cited by 97 publications

References 11 publications

Assessing the cumulative effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests.

Assessing the cumulative effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests.

Responses of red deer (Cervus elaphus) to regular disturbance by hill walkers

Aggressive Interactions of Rocky Mountain Elk, <em>Cervus elaphus nelsoni</em>, During the Calving Season Toward Mule Deer, <em>Odocoileus hemionus</em>, in Central Colorado

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