Reproductive System

Schmitt, Dennis L.

doi:10.1002/9780470344484.ch26

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…26 Progesterone levels during the first 6 weeks postconception are no different than those of a normal luteal phase. There is even a transient progestagen level decrease measurable at approximately 8 weeks postconception, when concentration nears baseline values.…”

Section: Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 89%

“…66-1), with a total length of about 3 m, 14 the most obvious difference compared with other ungulate species is the extremely long vestibule (urogenital canal), which measures about 1.0 to 1.4 m and opens between the hind legs. 1,15,26 During urination and relaxation, the large clitoris becomes evident, protruding from the vestibule opening. The tubelike vestibule runs vertically and bends horizontally over the caudal pelvis (see Fig.…”

Section: Female Reproductive Tractmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In case of pregnancy, these levels gradually increase again and reach concentrations above a nonconceptive luteal phase at 10 to 12 weeks of gestation. 3,26 Especially during the first half of gestation, the progestagen concentration may exceed that of the luteal phase by two to three times. However, the levels of progestagens are variable during the 22 months pregnancy and absolute values may not always exceed those observed during luteal phase.…”

Section: Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Female Elephant Reproduction

Hildebrandt¹

2012

Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine

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Section: Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Female Reproductive Tractmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Female Elephant Reproduction

Hildebrandt¹

2012

Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine

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“…Oxytocin, normally given as a bolus, may dramatically exhaust the contractibility of the uterus muscles as well as the general condition of the female. Concerns are raised that with the use of oxytocin, there might be the risk of reduced blood circulation in the umbilical chord, due to spasms in the myometrium (Schafternaar and Hildebrandt 2005; Schmitt 2006).…”

Section: Dystociamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AI is ideally performed on the day of LH surge and the day after ovulation (Hildebrandt et al. 1999; Schmitt 2006).…”

Section: Artificial Inseminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assisted Reproduction in Female Rhinoceros and Elephants – Current Status and Future Perspective

Hermes

Göritz

Streich

et al. 2007

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Over the last few decades, rhinoceroses and elephants became important icons in the saga of wildlife conservation. Recent surveys estimate the wild Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephant populations to be, at most, 50 250 and 637 600 respectively. For the five rhinoceros species, black (Diceros bicornis), white (Ceratotherium simum), Indian (Rhinoceros unicornis), Javan (Rhinoceros sondaicus) and Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis), the population estimates of 3610, 11 330, 2400, 60 and 300, respectively, are of even greater concern. Protected against habitat loss, poaching and left undisturbed, rhinoceros and elephants reproduce well in the wild. But small and decreasing populations make successful captive management of these taxa increasingly important. In captivity, however, most populations face possible 'extinction' because of historically poor reproductive performance. From the first descriptions of the reproductive anatomy and the oestrous cycle (Laws 1969; Kassam and Lasley 1981; Balke et al. 1988a,b; Plotka et al. 1988; Godfrey et al. 1991) to the present use of advanced assisted reproduction technologies, researchers have strive to understand the function and dysfunction of the reproductive biology of these charismatic species. This paper reviewed the current knowledge on rhinoceros and elephant reproduction biology, reproductive cycle, gestation, dystocia, reproductive pathology, oestrous induction and artificial insemination, sperm sexing, IVF and contraception, and how this knowledge is or might be used to aid species conservation for maximal reproductive efficiency and enhancement of genetic management.

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Hematological and serum biochemical analytes reflect physiological challenges during gestation and lactation in killer whales (Orcinus orca)

Robeck

Nollens

2013

Zoo Biology

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Gestation and lactation result in metabolic alterations of the dam because of varying demands of the fetus and offspring during the different stages of development. Despite killer whales (Orcinus orca) having one of the longest gestations and highest birth weights of all mammals in human care, these metabolic alterations, and their impact on the physiology of the dam have not been measured. The objectives of this analysis were to determine if physiologic demands on the killer whale during pregnancy and lactation have measurable effects on hematology and biochemical analytes and if detectable, to compare these changes to those which are observed in other mammalian species. Forty hematologic and biochemical analytes from seven female killer whales (22 pregnancies, 1,507 samples) were compared between the following stages: (1) non-pregnant or lactating (control); (2) gestation; and (3) the first 12 months of lactation. Decreased hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell counts were indicative of plasma volume expansion during mid and late gestation. The killer whales exhibited a progressively increasing physiologic inflammatory state leading up to parturition. Gestation and lactation caused significant shifts in the serum lipid profiles. Gestation and lactation cause significant physiologic changes in the killer whale dam. The last 12 months of gestation had greater physiological impact than lactation, but changes associated with and immediately following parturition were the most dramatic. During this period, killer whales may experience increased susceptibility to illness, and anthropogenic and environmental disturbances.

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Reproductive System

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

Female Elephant Reproduction

Female Elephant Reproduction

Assisted Reproduction in Female Rhinoceros and Elephants – Current Status and Future Perspective

Hematological and serum biochemical analytes reflect physiological challenges during gestation and lactation in killer whales (Orcinus orca)

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