The deep interconnections between biology, population politics, and ethics have been strongly brought to the fore by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The virus has highlighted the ways in which governments and state machineries calculate, control, and manage entire populations and demographic groupings, akin to what Foucault refers to as 'biopolitics ' (Burchell et al. 1991): through measures such as complete or partial lockdowns, contact tracing, clinical trials, and vaccination. These steps immediately raise several important ethical concerns around questions of discrimination, inequality, surveillance, security, privacy, right to healthcare, and social protection. In this special issue, we foreground the discussion of bioethics in relation to demography and population politics by focusing on the two most populous countries in the world, India and China. In the process, we seek to enhance our understanding of the ways in which biology is enmeshed with population politics and the nature of bioethical concerns this generates. In doing this, we are guided by the conceptualisation that population as bioresource is not only 'bioavailable' (Cohen 2007) but can be rendered into 'biocapital' as Rajan (2006) articulates in his study of clinical trial patients.As the most populous countries in the world, India and China have come to mark our collective conscience in significant ways (Eklund and Purewal 2017; Kaur 2020). The stance has, however, shifted considerably from fears of overpopulation and high fertility rates, to policies encouraging childbearing and addressing infertility through assisted reproduction. As a superpower, China is interested in facilitating birth amongst a chosen few; while India continues with its ambivalent posture on the domestic use of in vitro fertilization and other reproductive technologies, prohibiting the transnational traffic of 'unsuitable foreigners' and 'non-heteronormative families' to avail of the