Reprogramming microorganisms for the biosynthesis of astaxanthin via metabolic engineering

Wan, Xia; Zhou, Xue-Rong; Moncalián, Gabriel; Su, Lin; Chen, Wenchao; Zhu, Hang-Zhi; Chen, Dan; Gong, Yiqin; Huang, Fenghong; Deng, Qianchun

doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101083

Cited by 56 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 267 publications

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“…Only the Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous strains capable of astaxanthin synthesis 5- to 10-fold higher than in wild strains may be used for industrial production of the pigment and greatly reduce its market price [ 82 , 85 ]. Such strains can be obtained with chemical mutagenesis [ 86 ] or with a combination of classical mutagenesis and genetic pathway engineering [ 87 , 88 ].…”

Section: Commercial Sources Of Astaxanthinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astaxanthin for the Food Industry

2021

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Xanthophyll astaxanthin, which is commonly used in aquaculture, is one of the most expensive and important industrial pigments. It is responsible for the pink and red color of salmonid meat and shrimp. Due to having the strongest anti-oxidative properties among carotenoids and other health benefits, natural astaxanthin is used in nutraceuticals and cosmetics, and in some countries, occasionally, to fortify foods and beverages. Its use in food technology is limited due to the unknown effects of long-term consumption of synthetic astaxanthin on human health as well as few sources and the high cost of natural astaxanthin. The article characterizes the structure, health-promoting properties, commercial sources and industrial use of astaxanthin. It presents the possibilities and limitations of the use of astaxanthin in food technology, considering its costs and food safety. It also presents the possibilities of stabilizing astaxanthin and improving its bioavailability by means of micro- and nanoencapsulation.

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Section: Commercial Sources Of Astaxanthinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astaxanthin for the Food Industry

2021

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“…As can be inferred from previous paragraphs, the main producers of this pigment are the yeast X. dendrorhous and the microalgae H. pluvialis [ 1 , 12 , 26 – 30 ]. Nevertheless, microbial production of astaxanthin is less competitive than the synthetic one because of difficulties to obtain enough biomass and its low pigment yield, thus overproducing astaxanthin from appropriate microbial sources is a current biotechnological challenge [ 1 , 12 , 31 ]. So far, bioengineering approaches that include culture media and bioreactor optimization [ 30 ], as well as construction of improved overproducing strains [ 12 , 31 , 32 ], have been assayed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, microbial production of astaxanthin is less competitive than the synthetic one because of difficulties to obtain enough biomass and its low pigment yield, thus overproducing astaxanthin from appropriate microbial sources is a current biotechnological challenge [ 1 , 12 , 31 ]. So far, bioengineering approaches that include culture media and bioreactor optimization [ 30 ], as well as construction of improved overproducing strains [ 12 , 31 , 32 ], have been assayed. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Candida utilis , Pichia pastoris and X. dendrorhous have led to increased amounts of phytoene, lycopene or β-carotene, but they have failed to increase astaxanthin biosynthesis in relevant levels [ 1 , 30 , 33 – 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic engineering for high yield synthesis of astaxanthin in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

et al. 2021

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Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with a number of assets useful for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, it is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. However, the process leads to an enantiomeric mixture where the biologically assimilable forms (3R, 3′R or 3S, 3′S) are a minority. Microbial production of (3R, 3′R) astaxanthin by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is an appealing alternative due to its fast growth rate and easy large-scale production. In order to increase X. dendrorhous astaxanthin yields, random mutant strains able to produce from 6 to 10 mg/g dry mass have been generated; nevertheless, they often are unstable. On the other hand, site-directed mutant strains have also been obtained, but they increase only the yield of non-astaxanthin carotenoids. In this review, we insightfully analyze the metabolic carbon flow converging in astaxanthin biosynthesis and, by integrating the biological features of X. dendrorhous with available metabolic, genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data, as well as the knowledge gained with random and site-directed mutants that lead to increased carotenoids yield, we propose new metabolic engineering targets to increase astaxanthin biosynthesis.

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“…These supplements are taken for many different reasons, including improving eye health and vision, skin health, and enhancing athletic performance by speeding muscle recovery after exercise. The global market for AST is rapidly increasing; however, the bulk of AST available is produced synthetically, providing an opportunity for marketing a natural product [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (also known as Pfaffia rhodozyma) [3,[11][12][13][14]. It was reported that the current commercialized (3S,3 S)-astaxanthin used as a fish additive is mainly produced by P. carotinifaciens [8]. More recently, people also have tried to engineer AST-producing plants by introducing genes from bacterial and algal pathways [15][16][17], although successful mass production has not yet been achieved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adonis amurensis Is a Promising Alternative to Haematococcus as a Resource for Natural Esterified (3S,3′S)-Astaxanthin Production

Gong

Guo

et al. 2021

Plants

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Astaxanthin (AST) characteristics and pigment productivity of Adonis amurensis, one of the few AST-producing higher plants, have not yet been studied extensively. In this study, the geometrical and optical isomers of AST in different parts of the A. amurensis flower were determined in detail, followed by a separation of the all-trans AST using HPLC chromatography. AST extracted from the flower accounted for 1.31% of the dry weight (dw) and mainly existed in the di-esterified form (>86.5%). The highest concentration was found in the upper red part of the petal (3.31% dw). One optical isomer (3S, 3′S) of AST, with five geometrical isomers (all-trans, 9-cis, 13-cis, 15-cis, and di-cis) were observed in all parts of the flower. All-trans AST was the predominant geometrical isomer accounting for 72.5% of the total content of geometric isomers in total flower, followed by the 13-cis, and 9-cis isomers. The all-trans AST isomer was also isolated, and then purified by HPLC from the crude oily flower extract, with a 21.5% recovery yield. The cis-AST extracted from the combined androecium and gynoecium gives a very strong absorption in the UVA region due to a high level of cis, especially di-cis, isomers, suggesting a prospective use in the preparation of anti-ultraviolet agents. The production cost of AST from Adonis flowers can be as low as €388–393/kg. These observations together with other factors such as the low technology requirement for plant culturing and harvesting suggest Adonis has great potential as a resource for natural esterified (3S,3′S)-AST production when compared with Haematococcus culturing.

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Reprogramming microorganisms for the biosynthesis of astaxanthin via metabolic engineering

Cited by 56 publications

References 267 publications

Astaxanthin for the Food Industry

Astaxanthin for the Food Industry

Metabolic engineering for high yield synthesis of astaxanthin in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

Adonis amurensis Is a Promising Alternative to Haematococcus as a Resource for Natural Esterified (3S,3′S)-Astaxanthin Production

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