Reprogramming of antibiotics to combat antimicrobial resistance

Abstract

This review outlines a literature-based approach with illustrative examples of drug repurposing (one molecule, multiple targets), which will be useful in tackling the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Globally, the demands for new drugs have increased due to multidrug-resistant pathogens and emerging viruses. Keeping these facts in view, drug repurposing started for utilization of a drug in a different way from a preexisting drug, which reduces the time and cost of development of a new drug. Repurposing increases the potency of a drug and reduces its toxicity level, as it is required in lower amounts, supporting the utilization of the drug as a new therapeutic option. This will be further explored to highlight the application in AMR.

Cysteine Hydropersulfide Inactivates β-Lactam Antibiotics with Formation of Ring-Opened Carbothioic S-Acids in Bacteria

“…Development of antibiotic adjuvants that enhance the activity of drugs and can minimize microbial resistance has attracted much attention as an approach to strengthen the efficacy of existing drugs. 2,3 Antibiotic adjuvants themselves are not necessarily antibiotic and are classified into two categories according to their actions. 2,3 Class I adjuvants are compounds that block antibiotic resistance and are divided into two subcategories, Class IA and Class IB.…”

“…2,3 Antibiotic adjuvants themselves are not necessarily antibiotic and are classified into two categories according to their actions. 2,3 Class I adjuvants are compounds that block antibiotic resistance and are divided into two subcategories, Class IA and Class IB. Class IA adjuvants inactivate enzymes that develop resistance such as βlactamases, 4 inhibit antibiotic efflux, and change target sites.…”

“…Class IA adjuvants inactivate enzymes that develop resistance such as βlactamases, 4 inhibit antibiotic efflux, and change target sites. 2,3 Class IB adjuvants overcome metabolic or physiological barriers (intrinsic resistance) to antibiotic activity. Class II adjuvants are compounds that enhance antibiotic action by interacting with host defense mechanisms.…”

“…The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has stated that every year the United States records in excess of 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections, which lead to the deaths of more than 35 000 people. Development of antibiotic adjuvants that enhance the activity of drugs and can minimize microbial resistance has attracted much attention as an approach to strengthen the efficacy of existing drugs. , Antibiotic adjuvants themselves are not necessarily antibiotic and are classified into two categories according to their actions. , Class I adjuvants are compounds that block antibiotic resistance and are divided into two subcategories, Class IA and Class IB. Class IA adjuvants inactivate enzymes that develop resistance such as β-lactamases, inhibit antibiotic efflux, and change target sites. , Class IB adjuvants overcome metabolic or physiological barriers (intrinsic resistance) to antibiotic activity.…”

Disposal of unused antibiotics as household waste: A social driver of antimicrobial resistance

“…In India, almost all isolates of cholera were found to be resistant to the first line of drugs (Naquin et al., 2020), and ampicillin was on the top of the antibiotics list against which more than 50% of isolates showed resistance and it was followed by the group floxacin and tetracyclines (Gandra et al., 2017; Dubey et al. 2020). The various factors driving antibiotic resistance in India include unnecessary high consumption of broad‐spectrum antibiotics; increasing faropenem consumption; antibiotic fixed‐dose combinations prescription even without the knowledge of a proven advantage over single compounds; social factors like self‐medication, access to antibiotics without prescription, use of pharmacies, and informal healthcare providers as sources of healthcare; lack of knowledge about when to use antibiotics, etc.…”