Reprogramming of breast tumor-associated macrophages with modulation of arginine metabolism

Abstract

HER2+ breast tumors have abundant immune-suppressive cells, including M2-type tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). While TAMs consist of the immune-stimulatory M1-type and immune-suppressive M2-type, M1/M2-TAM ratio is reduced in immune-suppressive tumors, contributing to their immunotherapy refractoriness. M1 vs. M2-TAM formation depends on differential arginine metabolism, where M1-TAMs convert arginine to nitric oxide (NO) and M2- TAMs convert arginine to polyamines (PAs). We hypothesize that such distinct arginine metabolism in M1- vs M2-TAMs is attributed to different availability of BH4(NO synthase cofactor) and that its replenishment would reprogram M2-TAMs to M1-TAMs. Recently, we reported that sepiapterin (SEP), the endogenous BH4precursor, elevates the expression of M1- TAM markers within HER2+ tumors. Here, we show that SEP restores BH4levels in M2-TAMs, which then redirects arginine metabolism to NO synthesis and converts M2-TAMs to M1-TAMs. The reprogrammed TAMs exhibit full-fledged capabilities of antigen presentation and induction of effector T cells to trigger immunogenic cell death of HER2+ cancer cells. This study substantiates the utility of SEP in metabolic shift of HER2+ breast tumor microenvironment as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy.

CAR-based immunotherapy for breast cancer: peculiarities, ongoing investigations, and future strategies

“…TAMs, a tumor-promoting cell type in the TME of breast cancer, include antitumor M1-like (M1-TAM) or pro-tumor M2like (M2-TAM) TAM (139). Among them, M2-TAMs are the major components of the breast tumor stroma.…”