Ultrasound (US) is a kind of acoustic waves with frequency higher than 20 kHz. Learning from the echo detection ability of bats and dolphins, scientists applied US for clinical imaging by sending out US waves and detecting echo with shifted intensities and frequencies from human tissue. US has long been played a critical role in noninvasive, real-time, low cost and portable diagnostic imaging. With the in-depth study of US in multidisciplinary fields, US and US-responsive materials has shown practical value in not only disease diagnosis, but also disease treatment. In this review, we introduce the lately proposed and representative US-responsive materials for biomedical applications, including diagnostic and therapeutic applications. We focused on US-mediated physiochemical therapies, such as sonodynamic therapy, high-intensity focused US ablation, sonothermal therapy, thrombolysis, etc., and US-controlled delivery of chemotherapeutics, gas, gene, protein, and bacteria. We also conclude the current challenges facing the clinical translation of the smart US-responsive materials and prospect future development of US medicine.