Repurposing Phytochemicals as Anti-HIV Agents

Jadaun, Pratiksha; Khopkar, Priyanka; Kulkarni, Smita

doi:10.4172/jaa.1000150

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 20 publications

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“…Natural products provide a large reservoir for screening of anti-HIV agents with novel structures and anti-viral mechanisms because of their structural diversity. A variety of natural products have been found to inhibit unique enzymes and proteins crucial to the life cycle of HIV including efficient intervention with the reverse transcription process, virus entry, and integrase and protease inhibition [ 368 ]. However the mechanism of anti-HIV activities of many natural products is still unknown.…”

Section: Plant Extracts and Some Secondary Metabolites With Anti-hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Salehi

Şener

et al. 2018

IJMS

133

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Since the beginning of the epidemic, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected around 70 million people worldwide, most of whom reside is sub-Saharan Africa. There have been very promising developments in the treatment of HIV with anti-retroviral drug cocktails. However, drug resistance to anti-HIV drugs is emerging, and many people infected with HIV have adverse reactions or do not have ready access to currently available HIV chemotherapies. Thus, there is a need to discover new anti-HIV agents to supplement our current arsenal of anti-HIV drugs and to provide therapeutic options for populations with limited resources or access to currently efficacious chemotherapies. Plant-derived natural products continue to serve as a reservoir for the discovery of new medicines, including anti-HIV agents. This review presents a survey of plants that have shown anti-HIV activity, both in vitro and in vivo.

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Section: Plant Extracts and Some Secondary Metabolites With Anti-hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Salehi

Şener

et al. 2018

IJMS

133

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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In-vitro Assays for Determining Anti-HIV Potential of Phytochemicals

Fonteh

Chingwaru

Meyer

et al. 2019

Phytochemistry: An in-Silico and in-Vitro Update

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Withania somnifera extracts induced attenuation of HIV-1: a mechanistic approach to restrict viral infection

Jadaun

Harshithkumar

Gaikwad

et al. 2023

Virol J

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Background Several anti-retroviral drugs are available against Human immunodeficiency virus type-1, but have multiple adverse side effects. Hence, there is an incessant compulsion for effectual anti-retroviral agents with minimal or no intricacy. Traditionally, natural products have been the most successful source for the development of new medications. Withania somnifera, also known as Ashwagandha, is the utmost treasured medicinal plant used in Ayurveda, which holds the potential to give adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, and antiviral effects. However, its effect on HIV-1 replication at the cellular level has never been explored. Herein, we focused on the anti-HIV-1 activity and the probable mechanism of action of hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera roots and its phytomolecules. Methods The cytotoxicity of the extracts was determined through MTT assay, while the in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity was assessed in TZM-bl cells against the HIV-1 strains of X4 and R5 subtypes. Results were confirmed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using the HIV-1 p24 antigen assay. Additionally, the mechanism of action was determined through the Time of Addition assay, which was further validated through the series of enzymatic assays, i.e. HIV-1 Integrase, Reverse transcriptase, and Protease assays. To explore the role of the identified active metabolites of Withania somnifera in antiretroviral activity, molecular docking analyses were performed against these key HIV-1 replication enzymes. Results The hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera roots were found to be safer at the sub-cytotoxic concentrations and exhibited their ability to inhibit replication of two primary isolates of HIV-1 through cell-associated and cell-free assays, in dose-dependent kinetics. Several active phytomolecules found in Withania somnifera successfully established hydrogens bonds in the active binding pocket site residues responsible for the catalytic activity of HIV replication and therefore, signifying their role in the attenuation of HIV-1 infection as implied through the in silico molecular docking studies. Conclusions Our research identified both the hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera roots as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 infection. The in silico analyses also indicated the key components of Withania somnifera with the highest binding affinity against the HIV-1 Integrase by 12-Deoxywithastramonolide and 27-Hydroxywithanone, HIV-1 Protease by Ashwagandhanolide and Withacoagin, and HIV-1 Reverse transcriptase by Ashwagandhanolide and Withanolide B, thereby showing possible mechanisms of HIV-1 extenuation. Overall, this study classified the role of Withania somnifera extracts and their active compounds as potential agents against HIV-1 infection.

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Repurposing Phytochemicals as Anti-HIV Agents

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

In-vitro Assays for Determining Anti-HIV Potential of Phytochemicals

Withania somnifera extracts induced attenuation of HIV-1: a mechanistic approach to restrict viral infection

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