Abstract. Vorinostat is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that blocks cancer cell proliferation through the regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. We, herein, examined the involvement of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) and cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 1 (Cks1), the components of the SCF Skp2-Cks1 (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex, in the regulation of p27 and p21 during vorinostatinduced growth arrest of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Vorinostat significantly reduced BrdU incorporation in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, which was associated with increased p27 and p21 protein levels without concomitant induction of p27 mRNA. Vorinostatinduced accumulation of p27 and p21 proteins was inversely correlated with the mRNA and protein levels of Skp2 and Cks1. Cycloheximide chase analysis revealed that vorinostat increased the half-life of p27 and p21 proteins. The accumulation of p27 and p21 proteins was attenuated by forced expression of Skp2 and Cks1, which conferred resistance to the vorinostat-induced S-phase reduction. These results suggest that vorinostat-induced growth arrest may be in part due to the enhanced protein stability of p27 and p21 through the downregulation of Skp2 and Cks1.
IntroductionCell cycle progression is tightly controlled by the activities of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p27 and p21 (1). Timely degradation of these proteins is required for proper cell-cycle progression. S-phase kinase associated protein 2 (Skp2) and cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 1 (Cks1) are the subunits of the SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex that are responsible for S-phase entry through the ubiquitination of p27 and p21, which is followed by their degradation by the proteasome pathway (2). Many cancer cells exhibit abnormal proliferation that is attributed to aberrant cell cycle progression. Numerous studies have reported the loss of p27 in a wide variety of malignancies including breast cancer (3,4). The loss of p27 was due to accelerated degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, rather than transcriptional repression. In fact, overexpression of Skp2 and/or Cks1 has been found in breast cancer tissues and is an independent prognostic marker for disease-free and overall survival and is associated with aggressiveness (5-9). In cell culture, higher expression levels of Skp2 were found in estrogen receptor (ER)/Her2-negative aggressive breast cancer cells, such as MDA-MB-231, as compared to MCF-7 ER-positive breast cancer cells (6,7).Vorinostat is a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) that exerts antitumor effects by inducing differentiation, growth arrest and/or apoptosis through acetylation modification of histones and/or non-histone proteins (10). Vorinostat induces cell-cycle arrest at the G1 or the G2/M boundary in a cell-type dependent and/or dose-related fashion (11). The transactivation of CDKN1A, which encodes p21, is commonly observed after HDACi treatment (12). In addition, induction ...