ResD signal transduction regulator of aerobic respiration in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>: <i>ctaA</i> promoter regulation

Zhang, X; Hulett, F. Marion

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02076.x

Cited by 42 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…We have found that strains bearing the cmp mutation bypass the requirement for ResD for full alkaline phosphatase induction (Table 3). However, the cmp mutation does not compensate for the loss of resDE for anaerobic growth (19)(20)(21) or ctaA expression (23,38). Both ctaA and genes required for anaerobic growth require ResD as a transcription activator, suggesting that the nature of the cmp mutation is not to simply fill the role of ResD as a transcriptional regulator for Res regulon members.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ResD regulates the expression of fnr (21), hmp (21), nasDEF (21), hemN (12), hemZ (12), and the sbo-alb operon (20) under anaerobic conditions and has a role in the regulation of ctaA (23,38), ctaBCDEF (17), resABCDE (31), and petCBD (31) under aerobic conditions. Because ResDE is essential for expression of both ctaA and ctaB, which is required for heme A biosynthesis, ⌬resDE strains lack cytochromes aa 3 and caa 3 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Bacillus subtilis YdiH Is a Direct Negative Regulator of the cydABCD Operon

2004

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During aerobic respiration, Bacillus subtilis utilizes three terminal oxidases, cytochromes aa 3 , caa 3 , and bd. Cytochrome bd is encoded by the cydABCD operon. We report here the first identification of a regulator for the cydABCD operon, YdiH. While working with ⌬resDE mutant strains, we identified colonies which contained suppressor mutations (cmp) which bypassed the requirement for ResD for all phenotypes not associated with cytochrome aa 3 or caa 3 . Mapping identified a class of Tn10 insertions which were close to the cmp locus (Tn10-2) and a second class (Tn10-1) which was inserted in cydD, a gene which appears to be essential to the cmp phenotype. Sequencing of the cmp loci from four independent ⌬resDE cmp isolates yielded four loss-offunction alleles of ydiH, a gene encoding a protein with homology to AT-rich DNA-binding proteins. Additionally, we determined that cytochrome bd was aberrantly expressed in the ⌬resDE cmp background. Together these data led to the hypothesis that YdiH serves as a negative regulator of cydABCD expression, a hypothesis supported by both gel-shift and DNase I footprinting analyses. YdiH protected the cydA promoter region at three 22-bp repeats located in the long 5 untranslated region (193 bp). Induction of the cydABCD operon in a ⌬resDE background showed that expression of the terminal oxidase bd was responsible for the bypass phenotype observed in a ⌬resDE cmp strain, indicating that cytochrome bd expression complemented the loss of cytochromes aa 3 and caa 3 in the ⌬resDE strain.Bacillus subtilis utilizes a branched electron transport chain under aerobic conditions. To date, three terminal oxidases have been identified in B. subtilis. Both cytochromes aa 3 (26) and caa 3 (5) have been identified as heme-copper oxidases. The third oxidase has been shown to be a member of the cytochrome bd family (35). The cydABCD operon of B. subtilis encodes cytochrome bd and a putative ABC transporter required for the production of functional cytochrome bd (35). This oxidase is produced under conditions of low oxygen tension and in cells grown in the presence of glucose (35). A single cydA transcriptional start site with a putative Ϫ10 and Ϫ35 consensus for a A promoter has been found in cells grown to stationary phase in nutrient sporulation medium with phosphate buffer and glucose (NSMPG) (35). A perfect 16-bp palindromic sequence, upstream of the translation start site for cydA, was proposed as a potential operator binding site for a regulatory protein (35). To date, no regulators have been reported for the cydABCD operon. It was originally reported that the quinol oxidases (either cytochrome aa 3 or bd), are required for aerobic growth in B. subtilis (34). However, further evidence has shown that a strain deficient in the production of both cytochrome aa 3 and cytochrome bd, a derivative of the B. subtilis 168 strain (24), can be constructed and grown aerobically (37). A putative fourth terminal oxidase, YthAB, has been found in B. subtilis and is a member of the cytochrome bd famil...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacillus subtilis YdiH Is a Direct Negative Regulator of the cydABCD Operon

2004

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“…ResE is a membrane-associated sensor kinase that transfers a phosphate to the response regulator ResD. ResD activates the transcription of anaerobically induced genes such as fnr, hmp, and nasD (160,240). During aerobic growth, the transcription of ResDEregulated genes is induced in the postexponential and stationary phases of growth; however, transcription is induced to a greater extent during oxygen-limited growth.…”

Section: Srrabmentioning

confidence: 99%

At the Crossroads of Bacterial Metabolism and Virulence Factor Synthesis in Staphylococci

Somerville

Proctor

2009

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

329

348

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SUMMARY Bacteria live in environments that are subject to rapid changes in the availability of the nutrients that are necessary to provide energy and biosynthetic intermediates for the synthesis of macromolecules. Consequently, bacterial survival depends on the ability of bacteria to regulate the expression of genes coding for enzymes required for growth in the altered environment. In pathogenic bacteria, adaptation to an altered environment often includes activating the transcription of virulence genes; hence, many virulence genes are regulated by environmental and nutritional signals. Consistent with this observation, the regulation of most, if not all, virulence determinants in staphylococci is mediated by environmental and nutritional signals. Some of these external signals can be directly transduced into a regulatory response by two-component regulators such as SrrAB; however, other external signals require transduction into intracellular signals. Many of the external environmental and nutritional signals that regulate virulence determinant expression can also alter bacterial metabolic status (e.g., iron limitation). Altering the metabolic status results in the transduction of external signals into intracellular metabolic signals that can be “sensed” by regulatory proteins (e.g., CodY, Rex, and GlnR). This review uses information derived primarily using Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to articulate how gram-positive pathogens, with emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, regulate virulence determinant expression in response to a changing environment.

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“…Characterization of ResDE TCS regulon genes has shown that ResD plays an indirect role in Pho regulon induction via heme A synthesis required for terminal oxidases (aa 3 and caa 3 ) (27,42) that oxidize reduced quinones. Reduced quinones were shown to inhibit autophosphorylation of the PhoR in vitro, suggesting that it was the ResD role in terminal oxidase production that positively modulates the PhoR signal (35) upstream of PhoPR.…”

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Direct Regulation ofBacillus subtilis phoPRTranscription by Transition State Regulator ScoC

2010

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Induction of the Pho response in Bacillus subtilis occurs when the P i concentrations in the growth medium fall below 0.1 mM, a condition which results in slowed cellular growth followed by entry into stationary phase. The phoPR promoter region contains three A -responsive promoters; only promoter P A4 is PhoP autoregulated. Expression of the phoPR operon is postexponential, suggesting the possibility of a repressor role for a transition-state-regulatory protein(s). Expression of a phoPR promoter-lacZ fusion in a scoC loss-of-function mutant strain grown in low-phosphate defined medium was significantly higher than expression in the wild-type strain during exponential growth or stationary phase. Derepression in the scoC strain from a phoP promoter fusion containing a mutation in the CcpA binding site (cre1) was further elevated approximately 1.4-fold, indicating that the repressor effects of ScoC and CcpA on phoP expression were cumulative. DNase I footprinting showed protection of putative binding sites by ScoC, which included the ؊10 and/or ؊35 elements of five (P B1 , P E2 , P A3 , P A4 , and P A6 ) of the six promoters within the phoPR promoter region. P A6 was expressed in vivo from the phoP cre1 promoter fusion in both wild-type and scoC strains. Evidence for ScoC repression in vivo was shown by primer extension for P A4 and P A3 from the wild-type promoter and for P A4 and P E2 from the phoP cre1 promoter. The latter may reflect ScoC repression of sporulation that indirectly affects phoPR transcription. ScoC was shown to repress P A6 , P A4 , P E2 , and P B1 in vitro.

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ResD signal transduction regulator of aerobic respiration in Bacillus subtilis: ctaA promoter regulation

Cited by 42 publications

References 40 publications

Bacillus subtilis YdiH Is a Direct Negative Regulator of the cydABCD Operon

Bacillus subtilis YdiH Is a Direct Negative Regulator of the cydABCD Operon

At the Crossroads of Bacterial Metabolism and Virulence Factor Synthesis in Staphylococci

Direct Regulation ofBacillus subtilis phoPRTranscription by Transition State Regulator ScoC

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