Research advance of lithium-rich cathode materials in all-solid-state lithium batteries

Abstract

The development of all-solid-state lithium batteries with high energy density, long cycle life, low cost and high safety is one of the important directions for the development of next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-rich cathode materials have been widely used in liquid lithium batteries for their higher discharge specific capacity (> 250 mAh g<sup>-1</sup>) and energy density (> 900 Wh kg<sup>-1</sup>), due to the synergistic redox of anions and cations, as well as their high thermal stability and low raw material cost. With the rapid development of high-performance lithium-rich cathode materials and solid-state electrolytes in all-solid-state lithium batteries, the application of lithium-rich cathode materials in all-solid-state lithium batteries is expected to break through to the target of 500 W h kg<sup>-1</sup> energy density of lithium-ion batteries. In this review, we firstly elaborate the failure mechanism of lithium-rich cathode materials in all-solid-state lithium batteries. The poor electronic conductivity, irreversible redox reaction of anionic oxygen and structute transformation during the electrochemical cycling of lithium-rich cathode materials lead to the low initial coulomb efficiency, poor cycling stability and voltage decay. In addition, the high operating voltage of lithium-rich cathode materials (> 4.5 V vs. Li/Li<sup>+</sup>) exposes the cathode/electrolyte to not only conventional interfacial chemical reactions, but the released oxygen also aggravates the interfacial electrochemical reactions, which put higher demands on the interfacial stability of the cathode/electrolyte. Therefore, the intrinsic characteristics of lithium-rich cathode materials and the severe interfacial reaction of lithium-rich cathode/electrolyte greatly limit the application of lithium-rich cathode materials in all-solid-state lithium batteries. Then, we review the research progress of lithium-rich cathode materials in various solid-state electrolyte systems in recent years. The higher room temperature ionic conductivity and wider voltage window of inorganic solid-state electrolytes provide opportunities for the application of lithium-rich cathode materials in all-solid-state lithium batteries. At present, the application of lithium-rich cathode materials in all-solid-state lithium batteries has been initially explored on the basis of sulfide, halide and oxide solid-state electrolyte systems, and important progress has been made in studies including composite cathode preparation methods, interfacial reaction mechanisms and activation mechanisms. Finally, we summarize the current research focus of lithium-rich cathode all-solid-state lithium batteries and propose several strategies for their future outlook. Strategies such as the regulation of cathode material components, the construction of lithium ion and electron transport pathways within the composite cathode, and the interfacial modification of cathode materials have been shown to have significant effects in solving the failure problem.