Research advances in the use of tetrapyrrolic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy

Nyman, Emma; Hynninen, Paavo H.

doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.10.002

Cited by 677 publications

(533 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…Other examples are porphycenes [6,17] and phthalocyanines [6,[18][19][20], which are suitable PS due to their intense absorption in the red, high triplet state quantum yields and long triplet lifetimes. After the initial period of studies on simple porphyrins related to heme, most synthetic studies concentrated on alternative tetrapyrroles such as chlorins [21] and chlorophyll derivatives [22], unsymmetrical porphyrins [23,24], conformationally designed porphyrins with specific photophysical properties [25][26][27], dual modality PS [28,29] and many others [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodrug applications in photodynamic therapy

Paszko

Ehrhardt

Senge

et al. 2011

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy

326

215

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SummaryPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) has developed over last century and is now becoming a more widely used medical tool having gained regulatory approval for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer and macular degeneration. It is a two-step technique in which delivery of a photosensitizing drug is followed by irradiation of light. Activated photosensitizers transfer energy to molecular oxygen which results in generation of reactive oxygen species which in turn cause cells apoptosis or necrosis. Although this modality has significantly improved quality of life and survival time for many cancer patients it still offers significant potential for further improvement. In addition to the development of new PDT drugs, the use of nanosized carriers for photosensitizers is a promising approach which might improve the efficiency of photodynamic activity and which can overcome many side effects associated with classic photodynamic therapy. This review aims at highlighting the different types of nanomedical approaches currently used in PDT and outlines future trends and limitations of nanodelivery of photosensitizers. PDT -photodynamic therapy; PGA -poly(glycolic acid); PGLA -poly(D,L-lactide-coglycolide); PLA -poly(lactic acid); PS -photosensitizer; PEG -polyethylene glycol; ALA  aminolevulinic acid; m-THPC  5,10,15,20-tetra-(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorine; m-THPP  meso-tetra(p-hydroxyphenyl); PpIX  protoporphyrin; Hp  hematoporphyrin; Pc4  silicon phthalocyanine; Ig  immunoglobulin; Tf  transferrin; TfR  transferrin receptor; VEGF  vascular endothelial growth factor; EPR  enhanced permeability and retention effect; FRET  fluorescence resonance energy transfer; MRI  magnetic resonance imaging; RES  reticuloendothelial system; ROS  reactive oxygen species; NP  nanoparticle; ND -nanodiamonds; SNP  silica nanoparticle; AMD  age-related macular degeneration; CNV  choroidal neovascularization; PTT  photothermal therapy;

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodrug applications in photodynamic therapy

Paszko

Ehrhardt

Senge

et al. 2011

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy

326

215

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“…21 , 22 After experience of treating tumors with HPD-PDT was accumulated, it was realized that this compound had several disadvantages, including prolonged skin sensitivity necessitating avoidance of sunlight for many weeks,23 sub-optimal tumor selectivity,24 poor light penetration into the tumor due to the relatively short wavelength used (630 nm), 25 and the fact that it was a complex mixture of uncertain structure. 26 In recent times much work has been done on developing new PS27 , 28 for PDT, and although the vast majority of these compounds are based on the tetrapyrrole backbone 29 found in porphyrins, chlorins and phthalocyanines, other molecular structures are beginning to be studied both preclinically and clinically. 30,31 In this review we will cover the existing literature on fullerenes for PDT, summarize results from our laboratory and outline future possibilities concerning applications of fullerenes as PS for PDT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic therapy with fullerenes

Mróz

Tegos

Gali

et al. 2007

Photochem Photobiol Sci

276

209

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Fullerenes are a class of closed-cage nanomaterials made exclusively from carbon atoms. A great deal of attention has been focused on developing medical uses of these unique molecules especially when they are derivatized with functional groups to make them soluble and therefore able to interact with biological systems. Due to their extended π-conjugation they absorb visible light, have a high triplet yield and can generate reactive oxygen species upon illumination, suggesting a possible role of fullerenes in photodynamic therapy. Depending on the functional groups introduced into the molecule, fullerenes can effectively photoinactivate either or both pathogenic microbial cells and malignant cancer cells. The mechanism appears to involve superoxide anion as well as singlet oxygen, and under the right conditions fullerenes may have advantages over clinically applied photosensitizers for mediating photodynamic therapy of certain diseases.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] The treatment is relatively benign and gives good cosmetic outcomes. One of the major drawbacks is that the drugs are excited by visible light which cannot penetrate deeply into tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%