Research Advances in Toona sinensis, a Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plant and Popular Vegetable in China

Zhao, Qian; Zhong, Xiu-Lai; Zhu, Shun-Hua; Wang, Kun; Tan, Guo-Fei; Meng, Ping-Hong; Zhang, Jian

doi:10.3390/d14070572

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Since the first WRKY proteins were identified, WRKY TFs have been well recognized in plants for their regulating functions in defense against abiotic and biotic stresses, growth and development, and secondary metabolism (Schluttenhofer and Yuan, 2015;Jiang et al, 2017;Abeysinghe et al, 2019). Terpenes are the signature volatile components of T. sinensis, and WRKYs are significantly involved in regulating the terpene pathway (Yang et al, 2012;Zhao et al, 2022). Neither the identification of the WRKY gene nor the regulation of terpenoids, the most iconic volatile substances in T. sinensis, has been reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide analysis of WRKY transcription factor genes in Toona sinensis: An insight into evolutionary characteristics and terpene synthesis

Ren

Wenyang²,

Yin³

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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WRKY transcription factors (TFs), one of the largest TF families, serve critical roles in the regulation of secondary metabolite production. However, little is known about the expression pattern of WRKY genes during the germination and maturation processes of Toona sinensis buds. In the present study, the new assembly of the T. sinensis genome was used for the identification of 78 TsWRKY genes, including gene structures, phylogenetic features, chromosomal locations, conserved protein domains, cis-regulatory elements, synteny, and expression profiles. Gene duplication analysis revealed that gene tandem and segmental duplication events drove the expansion of the TsWRKYs family, with the latter playing a key role in the creation of new TsWRKY genes. The synteny and evolutionary constraint analyses of the WRKY proteins among T. sinensis and several distinct species provided more detailed evidence of gene evolution for TsWRKYs. Besides, the expression patterns and co-expression network analysis show TsWRKYs may multi-genes co-participate in regulating terpenoid biosynthesis. The findings revealed that TsWRKYs potentially play a regulatory role in secondary metabolite synthesis, forming the basis for further functional characterization of WRKY genes with the intention of improving T. sinensis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide analysis of WRKY transcription factor genes in Toona sinensis: An insight into evolutionary characteristics and terpene synthesis

Ren

Wenyang²,

Yin³

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…This study revealed that the identified volatile components accounted for 92.58% of the total volatile oil. Among these components, caryophyllene has the highest content, reaching 19.51% (Zhao et al, 2022). Wang et al utilised GC-MS and relative odour activity values (ROAV) to examine the volatile components of T. sinensis sourced from the provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan and Shandong.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With its long-standing cultivation tradition, Toona sinensis is extensively grown as a woody vegetable in the northern and southern regions of China ( Peng et al., 2019 ). Due to the abundance of beneficial secondary metabolites found throughout the plant, it is extensively used in medicine, food production, and the chemical industry ( Cao et al., 2019 ; Zhao et al., 2022 ). The tender leaves of T. sinensis are particularly known for their unique aroma, which contributes to their widespread appreciation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating GC-MS and comparative transcriptome analysis reveals that TsERF66 promotes the biosynthesis of caryophyllene in Toona sinensis tender leaves

Dai,

Wang,

Yin

et al. 2024

Front. Plant Sci.

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IntroductionThe strong aromatic characteristics of the tender leaves of Toona sinensis determine their quality and economic value.Methods and resultsHere, GC-MS analysis revealed that caryophyllene is a key volatile compound in the tender leaves of two different T. sinensis varieties, however, the transcriptional mechanisms controlling its gene expression are unknown. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed significant enrichment of terpenoid synthesis pathway genes, suggesting that the regulation of terpenoid synthesis-related gene expression is an important factor leading to differences in aroma between the two varieties. Further analysis of expression levels and genetic evolution revealed that TsTPS18 is a caryophyllene synthase, which was confirmed by transient overexpression in T. sinensis and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Furthermore, we screened an AP2/ERF transcriptional factor ERF-IX member, TsERF66, for the potential regulation of caryophyllene synthesis. The TsERF66 had a similar expression trend to that of TsTPS18 and was highly expressed in high-aroma varieties and tender leaves. Exogenous spraying of MeJA also induced the expression of TsERF66 and TsTPS18 and promoted the biosynthesis of caryophyllene. Transient overexpression of TsERF66 in T. sinensis significantly promoted TsTPS18 expression and caryophyllene biosynthesis.DiscussionOur results showed that TsERF66 promoted the expression of TsTPS18 and the biosynthesis of caryophyllene in T. sinensis leaves, providing a strategy for improving the aroma of tender leaves.

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“…are sold at local markets in Korea ( Table 1 ). The extracts and compounds obtained from traditional GLVs (1–18) have been shown to possess antioxidant [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], anticancer [ 18 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], antiinflammation [ 20 , 25 , 27 , 28 ], anti-melanogenic [ 29 , 30 ], anti-fatigue [ 31 ], anti-obesity [ 32 , 33 ], antidiabetic [ 34 ], and immunostimulatory [ 35 ] activities. GLVs have abundant phytopigments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotenoid and Tocopherol Profiling in 18 Korean Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables by LC-SIM-MS

Lee

Sivanesan

et al. 2023

Foods

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Fruits and vegetables are a vital source of redox-active phytochemicals in the diet. Traditional green leafy vegetables (GLVs) are a rich source of carotenoids, dietary fiber, minerals, phenols, vitamins, and tocopherols and are commonly consumed in rural areas worldwide. In traditional Korean medicine, many GLVs are used to treat various ailments. However, data on the carotenoid and tocopherol content of many traditional GLVs consumed in the Republic of Korea are insufficient. The current work aims to compare the carotenoid and tocopherol profiles of 18 traditional GLVs by utilizing a single ion monitoring LC-MS approach to identify the potential GLVs for commercial cultivation and healthy diet formulations. Among the traditional GLVs investigated, (all-E)-lutein was the most abundant carotenoid, ranging from 44.4% in Glehnia littoralis to 52.1% in Heracleum moellendorffii. It was followed by (all-E)-violaxanthin and (all-E)-β-carotene. The highest contents of (all-E)-violaxanthin (75.6 µg/g FW), 9-Z-neoxanthin (48.4 µg/g FW), (all-E)-luteoxanthin (10.8 µg/g FW), (all-E)-lutein (174.1 µg/g FW), total xanthophylls (310.5 µg/g FW), (all-E)-β-carotene (69.6 µg/g FW), and total carotenoids (380.1 µg/g FW) were recorded in Pimpinella brachycarpa. Surprisingly, Taraxacum mongolicum also showed the highest contents of (all-E)-violaxanthin, (all-E)-lutein, and total carotenoids, which were statistically non-significant (p > 0.05, Tukey HSD) with P. brachycarpa. The highest concentration of (all-E)-zeaxanthin (14.4 µg/g FW) was recorded in Solidago virga-aurea. Among the studied herbs, 13.9 (H. moellendorffii)–133.6 µg/g FW (Toona sinensis) of α-tocopherol was recorded. Overall, the results suggest that P. brachycarpa and T. mongolicum are rich sources of carotenoids. On the other hand, T. sinensis is a rich source of α-tocopherol. These GLVs can be utilized in the diet to enhance the intake of health-beneficial carotenoids and α-tocopherol.

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Research Advances in Toona sinensis, a Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plant and Popular Vegetable in China

Cited by 13 publications

References 39 publications

Genome-wide analysis of WRKY transcription factor genes in Toona sinensis: An insight into evolutionary characteristics and terpene synthesis

Genome-wide analysis of WRKY transcription factor genes in Toona sinensis: An insight into evolutionary characteristics and terpene synthesis

Integrating GC-MS and comparative transcriptome analysis reveals that TsERF66 promotes the biosynthesis of caryophyllene in Toona sinensis tender leaves

Carotenoid and Tocopherol Profiling in 18 Korean Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables by LC-SIM-MS

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