Research and scholarly methods: Propensity scores

Medaglio, Dominique; Stephens‐Shields, Alisa J.; Leonard, Charles E.

doi:10.1002/jac5.1591

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Therefore, the threshold for imbalance ought to become less stringent as sample size falls. On the second, we agree that a threshold is arbitrary at first, but the observational research field including most of these authors have come to relative agreement on a 0.1 constant threshold [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] despite the fact that no threshold can guarantee immunity from important bias. The appropriateness of a threshold is decided slowly over time as real study results are compared to baseline knowledge and validated in later randomized experiments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Assessing Covariate Balance with Small Sample Sizes

Hripcsak,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Propensity score adjustment addresses confounding by balancing covariates in subject treatment groups through matching, stratification, inverse probability weighting, etc. Diagnostics ensure that the adjustment has been effective. A common technique is to check whether the standardized mean difference for each relevant covariate is less than a threshold like 0.1. For small sample sizes, the probability of falsely rejecting the validity of a study because of chance imbalance when no underlying balance exists approaches 1. We propose an alternative diagnostic that checks whether the standardized mean difference statistically significantly exceeds the threshold. Through simulation and real-world data, we find that this diagnostic achieves a better trade-off of type 1 error rate and power than standard nominal threshold tests and not testing for sample sizes from 250 to 4000 and for 20 to 100,000 covariates. In network studies, meta-analysis of effect estimates must be accompanied by meta-analysis of the diagnostics or else systematic confounding may overwhelm the estimated effect. Our procedure for statistically testing balance at both the database level and the meta-analysis level achieves the best balance of type-1 error rate and power. Our procedure supports the review of large numbers of covariates, enabling more rigorous diagnostics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Assessing Covariate Balance with Small Sample Sizes

Hripcsak,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Notably, the studies by Pereira et al [36 ▪ ] and McGrattan et al [37] were cross-sectional, making them vulnerable to reverse causality. Applying statistical techniques such as propensity scores may increase confidence in conclusions drawn about effects from future observational studies in this field [41]. In addition, as nitrate intake was only measured at a single instance (via self-report/urine samples), it is unclear whether values are a true representation of habitual consumption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary nitrate, aging and brain health: the latest evidence

Shannon

Gregory

Siervo

2022

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition &Amp; Metabolic Care

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Purpose of reviewWith an increasing population age, cognitive decline and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent and burdensome in society. Dietary supplementation with inorganic nitrate, which serves as a nitric oxide precursor, has been suggested as a potential nutritional strategy to improve brain health in older adults. In this review, we discuss recent findings in this area.Recent findingsA number of studies have emerged in the past 12–18 months exploring the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on cognitive function, with typically (although not exclusively) null findings emerging. This research is characterized by small, acute/short-term studies, although observational studies and longer-duration randomised controlled trials are beginning to emerge. From the limited research reporting benefits of nitrate supplementation on cognitive function, one important discovery has been the identification of a potential pathway through which nitrate could impact cognitive health, involving modulation of the oral microbiome, which warrants further investigation.SummaryDespite some promising early findings, there is currently insufficient evidence to recommend increased dietary nitrate intake for the purpose of improving brain health. However, longer-term, larger-scale trials in potentially responsive groups are warranted to provide definitive evidence in this area.

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“…It is a tool to control for confounding bias in health research studies by creating dimension, reducing balancing score, creating treatment and reference groups that have comparable distributions of measured covariates and calculate the impact of treatment, holding all other external effects and noise constant. Also, it summarises confounding variables into a single metric that is used for confounding control in consequent analyses 24…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study uses a propensity score matching (PSM) modelling that produces estimates with less biased, more robust and more precise than running the traditional regression analysis 22 23. In addition, it helps to measure the impact of treatment (effect of continuum of care for maternal health service utilisation on intention to use FP), holding all other external effects and noise constant 24…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of continuum of care for maternal health service utilisation on intention to use family planning among pastoralist women of Ethiopia: a robust regression analysis and propensity score matching modelling

Alemayehu,

Medhanyie,

Reed

et al. 2023

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesThis study examines the effect of continuum care for maternal health service utilisation on intention to use family planning among the pastoralist community in Ethiopia.DesignA community-based cross-sectional study.SettingData were collected from three districts of the pastoralist community of the Afar region.ParticipantsRandomly selected 891 married pastoralist women.Primary outcomeIntention to use family planning.ResultsIntention to use family planning would increase (β=0.122, 95% CI: 0.036, 0.287) or by 12.2%, if all married pastoralist women received continuum of care for maternal health service utilisation compared with their counterparts. Results from the robust regression analysis indicate that intention to use family planning was higher among women who had a discussion about family planning with their husband (β=0.31, SE=0.035, p<0.001), women who possessed an electronic devices (β=0.096, SE=0.029, p<0.001) and women who had an unmet need for family planning (β=0.056, SE=0.026, p<0.000). However, intention to use family planning was lower for women who were in a polygamous marriage (β=−0.168, SE=0.065, p<0.01). There was a significant linear increase in the score of intention to use family planning for attitude towards family planning (β=0.009, SE=0.001, p<0.000), subjective norm (β=0.003, SE=0.001, p<0.003) and perceived control over family planning (β=0.002, SE=0.008, p<0.024) given other explanatory variables in the model.ConclusionContinuum of care for maternal health service utilisation increases pastoralist women’s intention to use family planning. Maximising any opportunity to counsel women who come to health facilities about family planning would be vital to increase their intention to use family planning.Trial registration numberNCT03450564.

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Research and scholarly methods: Propensity scores

Cited by 10 publications

References 55 publications

Assessing Covariate Balance with Small Sample Sizes

Assessing Covariate Balance with Small Sample Sizes

Dietary nitrate, aging and brain health: the latest evidence

Effects of continuum of care for maternal health service utilisation on intention to use family planning among pastoralist women of Ethiopia: a robust regression analysis and propensity score matching modelling

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