“…12 There are several in vitro studies, which have demonstrated strong uterine contractile responses to herbal preparations when employing isolated issues in organ baths. For example, individual aqueous extracts from the roots and rhizomes of blue cohosh Caullophylum thalactroides 16 , red raspberry leaves Rubus ideaus 17 , castor beans Ricinus communis 18 , evening primrose seeds Oenothera biennis 19 , and clary sage Salvia sclarea 20 have all been shown to produce strong contractile responses in isolated mouse uterine tissues similar to those evoked following an application of 10 -5 M oxytocin. In all cases, the uterine contractile responses to these treatments were statistically greater than those of the controls (p < 0.05), or the "0" treatment, which is the endogenous, spontaneous rhythmicity of the uterine tissue itself when under a given amount of tension.…”