Research on 0.22THz folded-waveguide traveling-wave tube with a proper phase-velocity taper

Investigations on Na+, K+-ATPase energy consumption in ion flow of hydrophilic pores by THz unipolar stimulation

“…It is clear that the average power dissipation is as low as around the level of 10 −11 W. However, it is qualitatively several orders of magnitude larger than the power dissipation that is at the level of 10 −18 W in the ion flow via protein Ca2+ channels. 20 The reasons are as follows: the life ion flow via hydrophilic pores in Figures 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 is far larger than the ion flow via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) as seen in literature. 14 Thus, the variations of membrane potentials and intracellular ion concentrations are more drastic due to ion flow via hydrophilic pores seen in Figures 3 and 15 than due to ion flow via VGCCs as seen in literature 14 ; this leads to a much larger ion flow via the ion ATPase in the case of hydrophilic pores compared with that in the case of VGCCs.…”

“…In comparison, in the case where hydrophilic pores are not being activated, the change in membrane potential has much smaller amplitude. 12 , 14 , 20 The membrane potentials vibrate with terahertz frequency around resting potential. 12 , 14 , 20 Those lead to the fact that the ion flow via the ion ATPase with activation of hydrophilic pores is far larger than the flow via the ATPase without the activation of hydrophilic pores.…”

“… 12 , 14 , 20 The membrane potentials vibrate with terahertz frequency around resting potential. 12 , 14 , 20 Those lead to the fact that the ion flow via the ion ATPase with activation of hydrophilic pores is far larger than the flow via the ATPase without the activation of hydrophilic pores. Those lead to a tremendous energy consumption with the activation of hydrophilic pores compared with the case where hydrophilic pores are not activated.…”

“… 18 , 19 The transmembrane flow of life ions via the cell membrane hydrophilic pores would influence the whole-cell transmembrane flow of life ions and thus possibly has impact on the information communication of cells. 18 , 19 , 20 However, it is unknown whether Na+, K+-ATPase would be activated and how much the power dissipation of Na+, K+-ATPase is from cell metabolic energy during the transmembrane flow of Na+ and K+ ions via cell membrane hydrophilic pores by the terahertz unipolar stimulation.…”

High Efficiency and High Power Staggered Double Vane TWT Amplifier Enhanced by Velocity-Taper Design

“…To increase the efficiency and the output power of the TWTs by reusing the spent electron beam energy, tapered phase velocity method can be employed [14]. Bo et al demonstrated a large beam tunnel 220 GHz folded waveguide (FWG) TWT by tapered phase velocity to promote output power by 30.4% from 79 W to 103 W [15]. However, as an important SWS, the SDV SWS with the tapered pitch design for modulate the phase velocity has not been reported so far.…”