“…1,8–11 However, these methods need to search the entire solution domain; it cannot overcome the inherent shortcomings for large calculation amount. In recent years, there have been a number of spectrum search methods based on intelligent optimization algorithm, such as the genetic algorithm (GA), 12–14 the particle swarm algorithm, 12,16 cuckoo algorithm, 17 niche leapfrog algorithm, 15,18,19 etc. These algorithms do not need to search the whole solution domain, so they can greatly reduce the calculation amount.…”