Research on High-Pressure Hydrochloric Acid Leaching of Scandium, Aluminum and Other Valuable Components from the Non-Magnetic Tailings Obtained from Red Mud after Iron Removal

Zinoveev, Dmitry; Grudinsky, Pavel; Zhiltsova, Ekaterina; Grigoreva, Darya; Волков, А. И.; Dyubanov, V. G.; Петелин, А. Л.

doi:10.3390/met11030469

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Hydrochloric acid leaching showed the highest REE extraction rate compared with other acids. Because the different ionic radii of the REE from minerals, they do not show similar leaching rates in specific environments [ 30 , 137 , 138 ].…”

Section: Recovery Of Scandium From the Bauxite Waste (Red Mud)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sulfuric acid can be employed as a digestion agent to dissolve the RM prior to the scandium recovery because of its low cost and environmental impact. Due to the suitable leaching efficiency of scandium, it is believed that direct acid leaching with dilute nitric acid is acceptable for RM with a low iron oxide content (less than 30 wt%) [ 138 ]. Recently Boyarintsev et al [ 142 ] evaluated the leaching of scandium from the Russian RM using 2.0 mol/L Na 2 CO 3 under carbonation conditions (CO 2 gas) in the pH range of 9.5–10.0.…”

Section: Recovery Of Scandium From the Bauxite Waste (Red Mud)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes

et al. 2022

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The recovery of scandium (Sc) from wastes and various resources using solvent extraction (SX) was discussed in detail. Moreover, the metallurgical extractive procedures for Sc recovery were presented. Acidic and neutral organophosphorus (OPCs) extractants are the most extensively used in industrial activities, considering that they provide the highest extraction efficiency of any of the valuable components. Due to the chemical and physical similarities of the rare earth metals, the separation and purification processes of Sc are difficult tasks. Sc has also been extracted from acidic solutions using carboxylic acids, amines, and acidic β-diketone, among other solvents and chemicals. For improving the extraction efficiencies, the development of mixed extractants or synergistic systems for the SX of Sc has been carried out in recent years. Different operational parameters play an important role in the extraction process, such as the type of the aqueous phase and its acidity, the aqueous (A) to organic (O) and solid (S) to liquid (L) phase ratios, as well as the type of the diluents. Sc recovery is now implemented in industrial production using a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical techniques, such as ore pre-treatment, leaching, SX, precipitation, and calcination. The hydrometallurgical methods (acid leaching and SX) were effective for Sc recovery. Furthermore, the OPCs bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA/P204) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) showed interesting potential taking into consideration some co-extracted metals such as Fe(III) and Ti(IV).

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Section: Recovery Of Scandium From the Bauxite Waste (Red Mud)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recovery Of Scandium From the Bauxite Waste (Red Mud)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes

et al. 2022

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“…In fact, hydrochloric acid is used very actively in the field of hydrometallurgy, which is used to leach iron or aluminum from coal ash [38], fly ash [39], bauxite [40,41], red mud [42], and coal gangue [43,44]. As can be seen from the results in Figure 6, the effect of hydrochloric acid is significantly better than that of sulfuric acid, so hydrochloric acid was chosen, and the time can be 3-7 h. In order to leach the gangue fully and save energy, the leaching time was determined to be 4 h.…”

Section: Analyses Of the Leaching Effects With Different Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Aluminum and Iron Ions from Coal Gangue by Acid Leaching and Kinetic Analyses

et al. 2022

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Extracting valuable elements from coal gangue is an important method for the utilization of coal gangue. In order to obtain the suitable technological conditions and the acid leaching kinetic model of leaching aluminum and iron ions from high-iron and low-aluminum coal gangue, the effects of calcination temperature, calcination time, and acid types on the leaching results of aluminum and iron ions are studied. The results show that when the gangue is calcined at 675 °C for 1 h, then the calcined gangue powder is leached by 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid at 93 °C for 4 h, the leaching ratio of iron ions is more than 90%, and that of aluminum ions is more than 60%. Furthermore, the acid leaching kinetic equations at 30 °C, 50 °C, 70 °C, and 90 °C are studied by three kinetic models, and the apparent activation energies of the reactions are calculated by the Arrhenius formula. The results show that the leaching behavior of aluminum and iron ions conformed to the “mixing control” model equation: “(1 − x)−1/3 − 1 + 1/3ln(1 − x) = kt + b”. The apparent activation energies of aluminum and iron ions are 55.5 kJ/mol and 55.8 kJ/mol, respectively. All these indicate that the acid leaching process is controlled by the “mixing control”.

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“…However, the use of this process is limited to high-grade bauxite ores and is accompanied by the production of red mud. Red mud is a highly voluminous, highly alkaline, and hazardous solid waste product containing high amounts of iron, un-leached aluminum (15-25%), aluminum precipitated during solid/liquid separation, titanium, and rare earth elements [2]. A need for more environmentally friendly and sustainable methods to process mostly low-grade bauxite ores is the chief motivator behind the ENSUREAL initiative to investigate a potential revival of the Pedersen process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Aluminum Tri-Hydroxide Production from Sodium Aluminate Solutions in the Pedersen Process

et al. 2022

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This study investigates applying the principles of the long-discontinued Pedersen process as a possible route for producing metallurgical grade alumina from low-grade and secondary feed materials. The investigation focused on the hydrometallurgical steps in the process, namely leaching, desilication, and precipitation, and adapting it to valorize bauxite residue. The test material used was a calcium–aluminate slag made by the smelting-reduction of a mixture of bauxite residue (dewatered red mud) and a calcium-rich bauxite beneficiation by-product. Samples of the slag were leached in a 1 L jacketed glass reactor with Na2CO3 solution, varying Na2CO3 concentration and leaching time. Additionally, different approaches to leaching involving mechanical treatment of the leached slag and re-leaching using either fresh or recycled solution were also explored. The desilication step was carried out by treating the leachate solution with powdered CaO, varying the amounts of CaO used. Finally, the desilicated leach solution was sparged with a CO2 gas mixture, after which the precipitate was allowed to age in the solution. The carbonation and aging temperatures and times were varied. As much as 67% of the Al was leached from the slag. The desilication process successfully removed 88% of the Si. The precipitation process produced a product composed mostly of bayerite [Al(OH)3], but some tests had considerable amounts of the unwanted phase dawsonite [NaAlCO3(OH)2]. The results indicated that the highest Al recovery was obtained using low concentrations of Na2CO3 solutions, and aluminum tri hydroxide is formed from these solutions at low temperatures at a fast rate compared to higher solution concentrations and temperatures.

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Research on High-Pressure Hydrochloric Acid Leaching of Scandium, Aluminum and Other Valuable Components from the Non-Magnetic Tailings Obtained from Red Mud after Iron Removal

Cited by 21 publications

References 79 publications

Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes

Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes

Extraction of Aluminum and Iron Ions from Coal Gangue by Acid Leaching and Kinetic Analyses

Investigating Aluminum Tri-Hydroxide Production from Sodium Aluminate Solutions in the Pedersen Process

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