“…The various optical properties of HC-ARFs can be achieved by designing cladding elements. The cladding elements reported in the existing literatures include single ring, double ring, nested ring, elliptical tube, conjoined tube, and nested elliptical tube [2,3,8,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] etc. For example, in 2017, Meng et al designed a new HC-ARF with nested elliptical cladding with a minimum transmission loss of 3.99 × 10 −3 dB km −1 at 800 nm and bending loss of less than 1 dB km −1 for bending radius larger than 5 cm [16].…”