“…It is also a core course for many computer-related majors, especially a computer science major and a software engineering major. However, most students have experiences in computer programming learning difficulties, compared to other courses (Azmi, Iahad, & Ahmad, 2015;Bosse & Gerosa, 2017;Combefis, Bersnevicius, & Dagiene, 2016;Özmen & Altun, 2014;Qu, Zhao, Wang, & Liu, 2014). In addition, it was previously documented that there are high dropout rates and high failure rates in programming courses (Bosse & Gerosa, 2017;Combefis et al, 2016).…”