“…Researchers also observe teaching outcome, teamwork, work efficiency, teachers' acceptance, communication between teachers and students and other qualities in collaborative education programs (Wong, 2023;Miani & Picucci-Huang, 2023;Yuan & Liu, 2024). Moreover, international collaboration of universities and colleges is a big concern as more and more Chinese students try to develop potential ability to fit themselves for the market, leading to comparative analysis of student and teacher performance, language and professional proficiency of students, dilemma of collaboration program and so on (Cui & Zhang, 2024;Xie, Sui, Liu, & Liu, 2023;Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 1995;Fernandes, O'Sullivan, Miguel, & Ferreira, 2022).…”