“…Previous studies suggest that not only economic growth but also other factors, such as economic complexity (Kirikkaleli & Adebayo, 2021a;Rjoub and Adebayo, 2021;Ahmad et al, 2021c;Doğan et al, 2021), renewable energy (Fareed et al, 2021;Chien et al, 2021;Kirikkaleli and Adebayo, 2021b;Soylu et al, 2021) globalization (Aslam et al, 2021;Anser et al, 2021;Chien et al, 2021) and others (An et al, 2019;Miao et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2019;Mohammad et al, 2020;Alola et al, 2021;Ahmed et al, 2021c;Ramzan et al, 2021;Shan et al, 2021;Chen et al, 2019) can impact environmental deterioration. Meanwhile, the main driver of CO 2 emissions is economic growth or per capita income, since all other variables are directly and indirectly related to CO 2 emissions.…”