“…2 Duttagupta and Cashin (2011), as well as Manasse et al (2013), apply them to the study of banking downturns in emerging and developing countries. In a similar line of research, Ioannides et al (2010), Alessi andDetken (2018), andLin et al (2022) assess the early warning signs of banking crises. Emrouznejad and Anouze (2010) combine data envelopment analysis and decision trees to carry out a bank efficiency study, whereas the focus of Bijak and Thomas (2012), Kao et al (2012), andPai et al (2015) is on customer credit scoring in financial intermediation.…”