“…However, existing research on the OBE concept predominantly focused on aspects such as instructional design, organizational structure, implementation, and evaluation under this framework, with many studies being qualitative in nature (Gao & Guo, 2021;Han & Liu, 2022;Wu & Xue, 2022). Simultaneously, research on student classroom participation and learning outcomes primarily centered around primary and secondary school students (Decristan et al, 2023;Ahmmed & Uddin, 2022), often limiting the assessment of learning outcomes to singular aspects of performance and lacking a comprehensive consideration of students' overall qualities.…”